Botulinum Toxin Effects on Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review

Overview

Journal Toxins (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Toxicology

Date 2024 Nov 26

PMID 39591229

Authors

Nicola Tambasco

Pasquale Nigro

Alessandro Mechelli

Michele Duranti

Lucilla Parnetti

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Freezing of gait is a frequent phenomenon and can be one of the most debilitating motor impairments in Parkinson's disease, especially in the advanced stages. It is currently defined as a brief episodic absence or any marked reduction in the forward progression of the feet, despite the intention to walk. Greater severity of freezing of gait has been associated with more frequent falls, postural instability, and executive dysfunction. However, botulinum neurotoxin is one of the most widely administered therapies for motor and non-motor symptoms, including freezing of gait, in parkinsonism. To date, the literature has had conflicting results on the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease patients. In light of this, we reviewed the findings of past studies that specifically investigated the effects of botulinum toxin on freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease in order to better understand this issue.

References

Ham H, Yeo I, Jeon S, Lim J, Yoo S, Son D . Botulinum Toxin A Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in the MPTP and 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson's Disease Models. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2021; 30(1):90-97. PMC: 8724835. DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.077. View

Hausdorff J, Schaafsma J, Balash Y, Bartels A, Gurevich T, Giladi N . Impaired regulation of stride variability in Parkinson's disease subjects with freezing of gait. Exp Brain Res. 2003; 149(2):187-94. DOI: 10.1007/s00221-002-1354-8. View

Hall J, Shine J, OCallaghan C, Walton C, Gilat M, Naismith S . Freezing of Gait and its Associations in the Early and Advanced Clinical Motor Stages of Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Parkinsons Dis. 2015; 5(4):881-91. DOI: 10.3233/JPD-150581. View

Zhang H, Yin X, Ouyang Z, Chen J, Zhou S, Zhang C . A prospective study of freezing of gait with early Parkinson disease in Chinese patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95(26):e4056. PMC: 4937955. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004056. View

Factor S, Higgins D, Qian J . Primary progressive freezing gait: a syndrome with many causes. Neurology. 2006; 66(3):411-4. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000196469.52995.ab. View

Zhang W, Gao C, Tan Y, Chen S . Prevalence of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2021; 268(11):4138-4150. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10685-5. View

Gurevich T, Peretz C, Moore O, Weizmann N, Giladi N . The effect of injecting botulinum toxin type a into the calf muscles on freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a double blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Mov Disord. 2007; 22(6):880-3. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21396. View

Jankovic J . Botulinum toxin: State of the art. Mov Disord. 2017; 32(8):1131-1138. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27072. View

Giladi N, Gurevich T, Shabtai H, Paleacu D, Simon E . The effect of botulinum toxin injections to the calf muscles on freezing of gait in parkinsonism: a pilot study. J Neurol. 2001; 248(7):572-6. DOI: 10.1007/s004150170134. View

10.

Giannantoni A, Conte A, Proietti S, Giovannozzi S, Rossi A, Fabbrini G . Botulinum toxin type A in patients with Parkinson's disease and refractory overactive bladder. J Urol. 2011; 186(3):960-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.071. View

11.

Nonnekes J, Bereau M, Bloem B . Freezing of Gait and Its Levodopa Paradox. JAMA Neurol. 2019; 77(3):287-288. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4006. View

12.

Mancini M, Bloem B, Horak F, Lewis S, Nieuwboer A, Nonnekes J . Clinical and methodological challenges for assessing freezing of gait: Future perspectives. Mov Disord. 2019; 34(6):783-790. PMC: 7105152. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27709. View

13.

Hallett M . The intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of freezing of gait. Mov Disord. 2008; 23 Suppl 2:S439-43. PMC: 4758454. DOI: 10.1002/mds.21836. View

14.

Spagna A, Attal N . Botulinum toxin A and neuropathic pain: An update. Toxicon. 2023; 232:107208. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107208. View

15.

Giladi N, Honigman S . Botulinum toxin injections to one leg alleviate freezing of gait in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1997; 12(6):1085-6. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870120641. View

16.

Choi J, Werbel T, Wang Z, Wu C, Yaksh T, Di Nardo A . Botulinum toxin blocks mast cells and prevents rosacea like inflammation. J Dermatol Sci. 2019; 93(1):58-64. PMC: 7680644. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.12.004. View

17.

Yilmaz T, Eraldemir F, Gurel B, Yavuz O, Acar E, Isken T . Intraductal botulinum toxin injection suppressed the inflammation in experimental acute pancreatitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2022; 28(12):1659-1666. PMC: 10198305. DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2021.90140. View

18.

Zhao J, Wan Y, Song L, Wu N, Zhang Z, Liu Z . Longitudinal Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Neurol. 2022; 12:758580. PMC: 8761770. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.758580. View

19.

Giladi N, McDermott M, Fahn S, Przedborski S, Jankovic J, Stern M . Freezing of gait in PD: prospective assessment in the DATATOP cohort. Neurology. 2001; 56(12):1712-21. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.56.12.1712. View

20.

Moller E, Karlsborg M, Bardow A, Lykkeaa J, Nissen F, Bakke M . Treatment of severe drooling with botulinum toxin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease: efficacy and possible mechanisms. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011; 69(3):151-7. DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2010.545035. View