Impact of Deprivation and Preferential Usage on Functional Connectivity Between Early Visual Cortex and Category-Selective Visual Regions

Human behavior can be remarkably shaped by experience, such as the removal of sensory input. Many studies of conditions such as stroke, limb amputation, and vision loss have examined how removal of input changes brain function. However, an important question yet to be answered is: when input is lost, does the brain change its connectivity to preferentially use some remaining inputs over others? In individuals with healthy vision, the central portion of the retina is preferentially used for everyday visual tasks, due to its ability to discriminate fine details. When central vision is lost in conditions like macular degeneration, peripheral vision must be relied upon for those everyday tasks, with some portions receiving "preferential" usage over others. Using resting-state fMRI collected during total darkness, we examined how deprivation and preferential usage influence the intrinsic functional connectivity of sensory cortex by studying individuals with selective vision loss due to late stages of macular degeneration. Specifically, we examined functional connectivity between category-selective visual areas and the cortical representation of three areas of the retina: the lesioned area, a preferentially used region of the intact retina, and a non-preferentially used region. We found that cortical regions representing spared portions of the peripheral retina, regardless of whether they are preferentially used, exhibit plasticity of intrinsic functional connectivity in macular degeneration. Cortical representations of spared peripheral retinal locations showed stronger connectivity to MT, a region involved in processing motion. These results suggest that the long-term loss of central vision can produce widespread effects throughout spared representations in early visual cortex, regardless of whether those representations are preferentially used. These findings support the idea that connections to visual cortex maintain the capacity for change well after critical periods of visual development.