Incidence, Clinical Manifestations and Characterization of Enterovirus in the Last Decade (2014-2023) in Asturias (Spain). Effect of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Overview

Journal Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

Publisher Springer

Specialties Infectious Diseases
Microbiology

Date 2024 Nov 15

PMID 39546098

Authors

Susana Rojo-Alba

Jose Maria Gonzalez-Alba

Zulema Perez Martinez

Cristina Ochoa Varela

Maria Agustina Alonso Alvarez

Pablo Rubianes Fernandez

Mercedes Rodriguez Perez

Estibaliz Garrido Garcia

Jose Antonio Boga

Santiago Melon Garcia

Marta Elena Alvarez-Arguelles

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Enteroviruses (EVs) are a large group of genotypes that cause a variety of pathologies, some of them very serious. This study analyzed the last 10 years (2014-2023) of EVs diagnosis and classification. In 166,674 samples collected, EVs were found in 9,535 (5.7%) by rt-RT-PCR, and 332 (3.5%) were classified by Sanger methods. Symptoms were analyzed in 7623 cases. EVs were found in 5718/63,829 (8.9%) before, 1384/42,373 (3.3%) during and 2433/60,472 (4%) after the Covid pandemic (p < 0.0001), and in 7249/69,700 (10.4%) children under 6 years and in 2286/96,974 (2.35%) in oldest (p < 0.0001). The positive rate of EVs was high but decreased during the Covid period. In the youngest children EVs-A (associated with exantematohous disorders as well as respiratory manifestations and febrile syndromes) was most common, while EVs-B (frequent in neurological symptoms) was most common in children aged 6-15 years and EVs-D (associated to respiratory manifestations) in adults.

References

Howson-Wells H, Winckles S, Aliker C, Tarr A, Irving W, Clark G . Enterovirus subtyping in a routine UK laboratory setting between 2013 and 2017. J Clin Virol. 2020; 132:104646. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104646. View

Rojo-Alba S, Martinez Z, Gonzalez-Alba J, Boga J, Varela C, Alvarez M . Respiratory syncytial virus incidence and typing in the last six seasons in the north of Spain (Asturias). Genetic characterization during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. J Med Virol. 2024; 96(3):e29499. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29499. View

Abedi G, Watson J, Nix W, Oberste M, Gerber S . Enterovirus and Parechovirus Surveillance - United States, 2014-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018; 67(18):515-518. PMC: 5944979. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6718a2. View

Avellon A, Casas I, Trallero G, Perez C, Tenorio A, Palacios G . Molecular analysis of echovirus 13 isolates and aseptic meningitis, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9(8):934-41. PMC: 3020609. DOI: 10.3201/eid0908.030080. View

Kim M, Lee J, Kim K, Park D, Cho S, Kim T . Long-term sentinel surveillance of enteroviruses in Gwangju, South Korea, 2011-2020. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1):2798. PMC: 9933826. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29461-8. View

Liu B, Mulkey S, Campos J, DeBiasi R . Laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections in children due to emerging and re-emerging neurotropic viruses. Pediatr Res. 2023; 95(2):543-550. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02930-6. View

Cabrerizo M, Tarrago D, Munoz-Almagro C, del Amo E, Dominguez-Gil M, Eiros J . Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16 and A6 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013; 20(3):O150-6. DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12361. View

Machado R, Tavares F, Sousa Jr I . Global landscape of coxsackieviruses in human health. Virus Res. 2024; 344():199367. PMC: 11002681. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199367. View

Del Cuerpo M, Gonzalez de Audicana J, Fernandez-Garcia M, Marin P, Esteban M, Espanol M . Epidemiology of Echovirus 30 Infections Detected in a University Hospital in Catalonia, Spain, in 1995-2020. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(3). PMC: 8955149. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030592. View

10.

Schuffenecker I, Mirand A, Josset L, Henquell C, Hecquet D, Pilorge L . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients infected with enterovirus D68, France, July to December 2014. Euro Surveill. 2016; 21(19). DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.19.30226. View

11.

Gonzalez-Sanz R, Taravillo I, Reina J, Navascues A, Moreno-Docon A, Aranzamendi M . Enterovirus D68-associated respiratory and neurological illness in Spain, 2014-2018. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019; 8(1):1438-1444. PMC: 6781473. DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1668243. View

12.

Duval M, Mirand A, Lesens O, Bay J, Caillaud D, Gallot D . Retrospective Study of the Upsurge of Enterovirus D68 Clade D1 among Adults (2014-2018). Viruses. 2021; 13(8). PMC: 8402803. DOI: 10.3390/v13081607. View

13.

Yang X, Duan L, Zhan W, Tang Y, Liang L, Xie J . Enterovirus B types cause severe infection in infants aged 0-3 months. Virol J. 2023; 20(1):5. PMC: 9830867. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01965-9. View

14.

Brouwer L, Moreni G, Wolthers K, Pajkrt D . World-Wide Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Enteroviruses. Viruses. 2021; 13(3). PMC: 7999254. DOI: 10.3390/v13030434. View

15.

Chow E, Uyeki T, Chu H . The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022; 21(3):195-210. PMC: 9574826. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00807-9. View

16.

Olsen S, Winn A, Budd A, Prill M, Steel J, Midgley C . Changes in Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2020-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70(29):1013-1019. PMC: 8297694. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7029a1. View

17.

Liu B . Universal PCR Primers Are Critical for Direct Sequencing-Based Enterovirus Genotyping. J Clin Microbiol. 2016; 55(1):339-340. PMC: 5228251. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01801-16. View

18.

Gulholm T, Yeang M, Nguyen I, Andrews P, Balgahom R, Beresford R . Molecular typing of enteroviruses: comparing 5'UTR, VP1 and whole genome sequencing methods. Pathology. 2022; 54(6):779-783. DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.03.013. View

19.

Forero E, Knoester M, Gard L, Ott A, Brandenburg A, McCall M . Changes in enterovirus epidemiology after easing of lockdown measures. J Clin Virol. 2023; 169:105617. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105617. View

20.

Itani T, Chalapa V, Slautin V, Bykov R, Imangaliev B, Starikova P . Non-Polio Enterovirus Surveillance in the Ural Federal District and Western Siberia, 2022: Is There a Need for a Vaccine?. Vaccines (Basel). 2023; 11(10). PMC: 10610881. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101588. View