Association Between the Weight-adjusted-waist Index and Testosterone Deficiency in Adult Males: a Cross-sectional Study

Testosterone deficiency has been recognized as a significant health concern and is closely related to obesity. The weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) is an innovative adiposity parameter that is superior to BMI in certain aspects, but its relationship with testosterone levels has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of the WWI with total testosterone levels and testosterone deficiency. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2016) were utilized. The WWI was calculated as waist circumference (cm) over the square root of weight (kg), and a total testosterone level of less than 300 ng/dL was defined as testosterone deficiency. Weighted multivariable regression models were used to assess the associations. A total of 6859 participants were included, 26.28% of whom were testosterone deficient. The WWI was inversely related to total testosterone levels (β = -49.93, 95% CI: -60.07, -39.78, P < 0.001) and positively associated with testosterone deficiency (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.72, P < 0.001) in the fully adjusted model. A significant nonlinear relationship was also detected between WWI and testosterone deficiency (P for nonlinearity = 0.004) with an inflection point of 9.486 cm/√kg. The associations were consistent in the subgroup analysis (all P > 0.05), except for the participants with eGFR < 60 mL/(min*1.73m) and hypertension. A higher WWI was linked to lower total testosterone levels and a greater risk of developing testosterone deficiency, especially among those who had an eGFR ≥ 60 mL/(min*1.73m) and were nonhypertensive.