Effect of Low Protein Diet on Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Overview

Journal Iran J Public Health

Date 2024 Oct 17

PMID 39415851

Authors

Mingtao Ding

Lei Liu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Low protein diet plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, exact role is unclear so far. We aimed to find out the effect of low protein diet on patients with cardiovascular disease.

Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed throughout the research project until 10th Apr 2023. MeSH phrases and Boolean operators were used to search PubMed for suitable studies. The entire estimate was expressed as a 95% confidence interval around the mean difference. The model was picked because of the discrepancies found in the research. Choi's Q test and I statistics were used to determine the degree of variation between experiments. The funnel plot was used to qualitatively examine the publishing bias.

Results: Low-protein diets have a greater impact on waist circumference [-8.82 (-9.51, -8.13), P<0000.1] and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [-0.05 (-0.07, -0.03), <0000.1] alteration than non-LPD diets, as measured by the standard mean difference (SMD). Further, significant changes were observed in weight loss [1.51 (1.25, 1.77), <0.00001], BMI, [0.46 (0.25, 0.67), <0.0001], change systolic [2.48 (1.20, 3.77), =0.0002] and diastolic blood pressure [1.49 (0.72, 2.26), =0.0002], low density lipoprotein [0.09 (0.06, 0.12), <0.00001], triglyceride [0.52 (0.49, 0.55), <0.00001], in non-LPD group as compared to LPD group.

Conclusion: The results indicated the role of low protein diet on patients with cardiovascular disease.

References

Srivastava R, Kumar A . Use of aspirin in reduction of mortality of COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(11):e14515. PMC: 8420464. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14515. View

Leidy H, Carnell N, Mattes R, Campbell W . Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15(2):421-9. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.531. View

Volek J, Sharman M, Gomez A, Judelson D, Rubin M, Watson G . Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004; 1(1):13. PMC: 538279. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-1-13. View

Te Morenga L, Levers M, Williams S, Brown R, Mann J . Comparison of high protein and high fiber weight-loss diets in women with risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. Nutr J. 2011; 10:40. PMC: 3105953. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-40. View

Brehm B, Seeley R, Daniels S, DAlessio D . A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88(4):1617-23. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021480. View

Belobrajdic D, Frystyk J, Jeyaratnaganthan N, Espelund U, Flyvbjerg A, Clifton P . Moderate energy restriction-induced weight loss affects circulating IGF levels independent of dietary composition. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010; 162(6):1075-82. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-10-0062. View

Noakes M, Keogh J, Foster P, Clifton P . Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(6):1298-306. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1298. View

Wolfe R, Miller S, Miller K . Optimal protein intake in the elderly. Clin Nutr. 2008; 27(5):675-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.008. View

Appel L . The effects of protein intake on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003; 14(1):55-9. DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200302000-00010. View

10.

Keogh J, Brinkworth G, Clifton P . Effects of weight loss on a low-carbohydrate diet on flow-mediated dilatation, adhesion molecules and adiponectin. Br J Nutr. 2007; 98(4):852-9. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507747815. View

11.

Brehm B, Spang S, Lattin B, Seeley R, Daniels S, DAlessio D . The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 90(3):1475-82. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1540. View

12.

Layman D, Evans E, Erickson D, Seyler J, Weber J, Bagshaw D . A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. J Nutr. 2009; 139(3):514-21. DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.099440. View

13.

Aldrich N, Reicks M, Sibley S, Redmon J, Thomas W, Raatz S . Varying protein source and quantity do not significantly improve weight loss, fat loss, or satiety in reduced energy diets among midlife adults. Nutr Res. 2011; 31(2):104-12. PMC: 3061831. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.01.004. View

14.

Stoernell C, Tangney C, Rockway S . Short-term changes in lipoprotein subclasses and C-reactive protein levels of hypertriglyceridemic adults on low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. Nutr Res. 2008; 28(7):443-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.013. View

15.

Hu T, Mills K, Yao L, Demanelis K, Eloustaz M, Yancy Jr W . Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol. 2012; 176 Suppl 7:S44-54. PMC: 3530364. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws264. View

16.

Forman D, Bulwer B . Cardiovascular disease: optimal approaches to risk factor modification of diet and lifestyle. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2006; 8(1):47-57. DOI: 10.1007/s11936-006-0025-7. View

17.

Dyson P, Beatty S, Matthews D . A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. 2007; 24(12):1430-5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02290.x. View

18.

Das S, Gilhooly C, Golden J, Pittas A, Fuss P, Cheatham R . Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(4):1023-30. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1023. View

19.

Aude Y, Agatston A, Lopez-Jimenez F, Lieberman E, Almon M, Hansen M . The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164(19):2141-6. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.19.2141. View

20.

Van Horn L, McCoin M, Kris-Etherton P, Burke F, Carson J, Champagne C . The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108(2):287-331. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.050. View