Effects of Single and Combined Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Effects on Lung Function in the U.S. Adult Population

Overview

Journal BMC Public Health

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialty Public Health

Date 2024 Oct 11

PMID 39394095

Authors

Pu Fang

Jin-Jin Zhang

Zong-Qing Lu

Shuai Li

Dun-Lin Xia

Qin Xu

Xiang-Hui Wu

Geng-Yun Sun

Qing-Hai You

Lin Fu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: The impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on lung function has garnered attention, but studies mostly focus on individual effect. This study investigates urinary PAH metabolites as biomarkers of exposure and assesses the relationships between single and combined exposures to nine urinary PAH metabolites and lung function in adults.

Methods: Data from 4040 adults in the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Weighted generalized linear models estimated the effects of individual PAH metabolites on lung function. Additionally, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were employed to evaluate the combined impacts of multiple PAH metabolites.

Results: Analyses of individual PAH metabolites revealed negative associations with lung function, excluding forced vital capacity (FVC). The WQS, qgcomp, and BKMR models consistently showed that exposure to multiple PAH metabolites was associated with lung function decrease. WQS indicated that 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) was the largest contributor to the reductions in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow from 25 to 75% of FVC (PEF25-75%). Additionally, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) was the primary PAH metabolite contributing to the decreases in FEV1/FVC and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). The combined effect of urinary PAH metabolites did not affect FVC in the current smokers or FeNO in nonsmokers, but decreased FEV1/FVC in current smokers.

Conclusion: This study strengthens the negative relationships between multiple PAH metabolites exposure and lung function in adults. Given the limitations of this study, including the lack of knowledge of other exposure pathways and the uncertainty of urinary metabolites, further research is necessary to explore the mechanisms underlying these associations and to address the limitations in exposure assessment.

References

Merianos A, Jandarov R, Cataletto M, Mahabee-Gittens E . Tobacco smoke exposure and fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels among U.S. adolescents. Nitric Oxide. 2021; 117:53-59. PMC: 8582299. DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.10.004. View

Ramalho S, Shah A . Lung function and cardiovascular disease: A link. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020; 31(2):93-98. PMC: 7332411. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.12.009. View

Wallin C, Sholts S, Osterlund N, Luo J, Jarvet J, Roos P . Alzheimer's disease and cigarette smoke components: effects of nicotine, PAHs, and Cd(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), Pb(IV) ions on amyloid-β peptide aggregation. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):14423. PMC: 5663743. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13759-5. View

Caron K, Zhu W, Bernert J, Wang L, Blount B, Dortch K . Geometric Mean Serum Cotinine Concentrations Confirm a Continued Decline in Secondhand Smoke Exposure among U.S. Nonsmokers-NHANES 2003 to 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(10). PMC: 9140715. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105862. View

Park H, Ha N, Kim D, Kim J, Lee C, Kim K . Relationship between residence characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in housewives: second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012-2014). Ann Occup Environ Med. 2018; 30:23. PMC: 5907289. DOI: 10.1186/s40557-018-0236-x. View

Fang L, Zhao H, Chen Y, Ma Y, Xu S, Xu S . The combined effect of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on arthritis, especially osteoarthritis, in the U.S. adult population. Chemosphere. 2023; 316:137870. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137870. View

Klein O, Krishnan J, Glick S, Smith L . Systematic review of the association between lung function and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2010; 27(9):977-87. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03073.x. View

Shen M, Xing J, Ji Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhao H . Declining Pulmonary Function in Populations with Long-term Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Enriched PM. Environ Sci Technol. 2018; 52(11):6610-6616. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00686. View

Zhou Y, Sun H, Xie J, Song Y, Liu Y, Huang X . Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Altered Lung Function in Wuhan, China. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 193(8):835-46. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2279OC. View

10.

Chen Y, Cao J, Zhou H, Guo X, Wang Y . The effect of loaded deep inhale training on mild and moderate COPD smokers. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014; 7(10):3583-7. PMC: 4238494. View

11.

Wu Y, Song J, Li Y, Jin X, Liang Y, Qin W . Association between exposure to a mixture of metals, parabens, and phthalates and fractional exhaled nitric oxide: A population-based study in US adults. Environ Res. 2022; 214(Pt 3):113962. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113962. View

12.

Hussain T, Al-Attas O, Al-Daghri N, Mohammed A, De Rosas E, Ibrahim S . Induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung and liver tissues of rats exposed to incense smoke. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014; 391(1-2):127-36. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1995-5. View

13.

Nwaozuzu C, Partick-Iwuanyanwu K, Abah S . Systematic Review of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Obstructive Lung Disease. J Health Pollut. 2021; 11(31):210903. PMC: 8383797. DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210903. View

14.

Mallah M, Changxing L, Mallah M, Noreen S, Liu Y, Saeed M . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: An overeview. Chemosphere. 2022; 296:133948. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133948. View

15.

Hoseini M, Nabizadeh R, Delgado-Saborit J, Rafiee A, Yaghmaeian K, Parmy S . Environmental and lifestyle factors affecting exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the general population in a Middle Eastern area. Environ Pollut. 2018; 240:781-792. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.077. View

16.

Bobb J, Valeri L, Claus Henn B, Christiani D, Wright R, Mazumdar M . Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures. Biostatistics. 2014; 16(3):493-508. PMC: 5963470. DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxu058. View

17.

Alhamdow A, Zettergren A, Kull I, Hallberg J, Andersson N, Ekstrom S . Low-level exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is associated with reduced lung function among Swedish young adults. Environ Res. 2021; 197:111169. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111169. View

18.

Gabelova A, Polakova V, Prochazka G, Kretova M, Poloncova K, Regendova E . Sustained induction of cytochrome P4501A1 in human hepatoma cells by co-exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole underlies the synergistic effects on DNA adduct formation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013; 271(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.016. View

19.

Mallah M, Basnet T, Ali M, Xie F, Li X, Feng F . Association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and diabetes mellitus among the US population: a cross-sectional study. Int Health. 2022; 15(2):161-170. PMC: 9977221. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac029. View

20.

Zhou Y, Liu Y, Sun H, Ma J, Xiao L, Cao L . Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites with fractional exhaled nitric oxide and exhaled carbon monoxide: A cross-sectional study. Sci Total Environ. 2017; 618:542-550. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.294. View