Prevalence and Determinants of Occupational Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Ethiopian Healthcare Workers

Studies on the prevalence and factors of depression, and anxiety symptoms from a work-ascribed or causal perspective are not available and studies on the prevalence of occupational stress in Ethiopia are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of occupational depression, job anxiety, and occupational stress, and to identify their determinants in healthcare workers. We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study in selected public hospitals in the Central and Southern Ethiopia from 16th January to 28th February 2023. We used stratified random sampling to select 9 public hospitals from three strata: primary, general and tertiary hospitals. We collected data using scales of perceived occupational stress, occupational depression inventory, and job anxiety. We performed a confirmatory factor analysis followed by determining the prevalence of those mental symptoms and identifying independent factors using multiple ordinal logistic regression. Among 1426 healthcare workers, the overall prevalence of occupational depressive, job anxiety, and occupational stress symptoms were 39.0%, 57.6%, and 68.0%, respectively. Females, medical specialists, participants with a history of disease or injury, those with low job dissatisfaction, higher sleeping disorder scores, higher life-threatening events (LTEs) scores, and longer working hours were more likely to report occupational depressive symptoms. Participants with poor perceived health significantly increased the odds of reporting job anxiety symptoms. Participants with low job satisfaction, a history of workplace verbal violence, higher scores for sleep disorders, and higher LTEs score had significantly greater odds of reporting both job anxiety and occupational stress symptoms. Younger participants were also more likely to report occupational stress symptoms. Our study highlights the need to prioritize workplace mental health interventions for healthcare workers. The study also suggested the need to address gender, educational level, job satisfaction, and sleep hygiene, develop coping mechanisms for LTEs, prevent workplace violence, and manage of working hours per week to enhance the mental well-being of healthcare workers in Ethiopia.