Processed Microalgae: Green Gold for Tissue Regeneration and Repair

Overview

Journal Theranostics

Date 2024 Sep 13

PMID 39267781

Authors

Sen Liu

Ling Shi

Hailong Luo

Kaiyuan Chen

Meichen Song

Yingjun Wu

Fengzhi Liu

Meng Li

Jie Gao

Yan Wu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

As novel biomedical materials, microalgae have garnered significant interest because of their ability to generate photosynthetic oxygen, their antioxidant activity, and their favorable biocompatibility. Many studies have concentrated on the hypoxia-alleviating effects of microalgae within tumor microenvironments. However, recent findings indicate that microalgae can significantly increase the regeneration of various tissues and organs. To augment microalgae's therapeutic efficacy and mitigate the limitations imposed by immune clearance, it is essential to process microalgae through various processing strategies. This review examines common microalgal species in biomedical applications, such as , , diatoms, and . This review outlines diverse processing methods, including microalgae extracts, microalgae‒nanodrug composite delivery systems, surface modifications, and living microalgae‒loaded hydrogels. It also discusses the latest developments in tissue repair using processed microalgae for skin, gastrointestinal, bone, cardiovascular, lung, nerve, and oral tissues. Furthermore, future directions are presented, and research gaps for processed microalgae are identified. Collectively, these insights may inform the innovation of processed microalgae for various uses and offer guidance for ongoing research in tissue repair.

References

Liakos A, Liakopoulou P, Tsapas A . Cyclical pressurized topical wound oxygen therapy increased healing of refractory diabetic foot ulcers. Ann Intern Med. 2020; 172(6):JC27. DOI: 10.7326/ACPJ202003170-027. View

Rojas V, Rivas L, Cardenas C, Guzman F . Cyanobacteria and Eukaryotic Microalgae as Emerging Sources of Antibacterial Peptides. Molecules. 2020; 25(24). PMC: 7763478. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245804. View

Shang M, Sun J, Bi Y, Xu X, Zang X . Fluorescence and antioxidant activity of heterologous expression of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from . Front Nutr. 2023; 10:1127422. PMC: 9987159. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1127422. View

Borciani G, Montalbano G, Baldini N, Cerqueni G, Vitale-Brovarone C, Ciapetti G . Co-culture systems of osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Simulating in vitro bone remodeling in regenerative approaches. Acta Biomater. 2020; 108:22-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.043. View

Zhang D, Zhong D, Ouyang J, He J, Qi Y, Chen W . Microalgae-based oral microcarriers for gut microbiota homeostasis and intestinal protection in cancer radiotherapy. Nat Commun. 2022; 13(1):1413. PMC: 8931093. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28744-4. View

Morsy M, Gupta S, Nair A, Venugopala K, Greish K, El-Daly M . Protective Effect of Extract against Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10). PMC: 6836255. DOI: 10.3390/nu11102309. View

Lu W, Yang Z, Chen J, Wang D, Zhang Y . Recent advances in antiviral activities and potential mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym. 2021; 272:118526. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118526. View

Lee J, Lee H, Shin M, Juang L, Kastrup C, Go G . Diatom Frustule Silica Exhibits Superhydrophilicity and Superhemophilicity. ACS Nano. 2020; 14(4):4755-4766. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00621. View

Zhou J, Wang M, Saraiva J, Martins A, Pinto C, Prieto M . Extraction of lipids from microalgae using classical and innovative approaches. Food Chem. 2022; 384:132236. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132236. View

10.

Homburg S, Patel A . Silica Hydrogels as Entrapment Material for Microalgae. Polymers (Basel). 2022; 14(7). PMC: 9002651. DOI: 10.3390/polym14071391. View

11.

Huang X, Liang P, Jiang B, Zhang P, Yu W, Duan M . Hyperbaric oxygen potentiates diabetic wound healing by promoting fibroblast cell proliferation and endothelial cell angiogenesis. Life Sci. 2020; 259:118246. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118246. View

12.

Zhou T, Xing L, Fan Y, Cui P, Jiang H . Light triggered oxygen-affording engines for repeated hypoxia-resistant photodynamic therapy. J Control Release. 2019; 307:44-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.016. View

13.

Weibel D, Garstecki P, Ryan D, DiLuzio W, Mayer M, Seto J . Microoxen: microorganisms to move microscale loads. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102(34):11963-7. PMC: 1189341. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505481102. View

14.

Singh N, Ramamourthy B, Hage N, Kappagantu K . Optogenetics: Illuminating the Future of Hearing Restoration and Understanding Auditory Perception. Curr Gene Ther. 2024; 24(3):208-216. DOI: 10.2174/0115665232269742231213110937. View

15.

Hwang Y, Kim K, Kim S, Mun S, Hong S, Son Y . Suppression Effect of Astaxanthin on Osteoclast Formation In Vitro and Bone Loss In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(3). PMC: 5877773. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030912. View

16.

Sachs P, Mollica P, Bruno R . Tissue specific microenvironments: a key tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Biol Eng. 2017; 11:34. PMC: 5688702. DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0077-0. View

17.

Vona D, Cicco S, Ragni R, Vicente-Garcia C, Leone G, Giangregorio M . Polydopamine coating of living diatom microalgae. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2022; 21(6):949-958. DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00185-4. View

18.

Zhang F, Li Z, Duan Y, Abbas A, Mundaca-Uribe R, Yin L . Gastrointestinal tract drug delivery using algae motors embedded in a degradable capsule. Sci Robot. 2022; 7(70):eabo4160. PMC: 9884493. DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abo4160. View

19.

Cobbaut M, Van Lint J . Function and Regulation of Protein Kinase D in Oxidative Stress: A Tale of Isoforms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 2018:2138502. PMC: 5944262. DOI: 10.1155/2018/2138502. View

20.

Liu J, Chen Z, Liu H, Qin S, Li M, Shi L . Nickel-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Promote Diabetic Wound Healing via Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species and Enhancing Angiogenesis. Small. 2023; 20(10):e2305076. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305076. View