: a Novel Regulator of Antitumor Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy in Colorectal Cancer

Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has achieved significant success in treating various cancers, leading to improved therapeutic responses and survival rates among patients. However, in colorectal cancer (CRC), ICB has yielded poor results in tumors that are mismatch repair proficient, microsatellite-stable, or have low levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-L), which account for up to 95% of CRC cases. The underlying mechanisms behind the lack of immune response in MSI-negative CRC to immune checkpoint inhibitors remain an open conundrum. Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore the intrinsic mechanisms and related biomarkers to enhance the intratumoral immune response and render the tumor "immune-reactive". Intestinal microbes, such as the oral microbiome member Fusobacterium nucleatum (), have recently been thought to play a crucial role in regulating effective immunotherapeutic responses. Herein, we advocate the idea that a complex interplay involving , the local immune system, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly influences ICB responses. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including the regulation of immune cell proliferation, inhibition of T lymphocyte, natural killer (NK) cell function, and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell function, as well as modification of the TME. This review aims to summarize the latest potential roles and mechanisms of in antitumor immunotherapies for CRC. Additionally, it discusses the clinical application value of as a biomarker for CRC and explores novel strategies, such as nano-delivery systems, for modulating to enhance the efficacy of ICB therapy.