Advancement in the Antigenic Epitopes and Vaccine Adjuvants of African Swine Fever Virus

Overview

Journal Pathogens

Date 2024 Aug 29

PMID 39204306

Authors

Qiong Wu

Chang Li

Bo Zhu

Jiajia Zhu

Keli Yang

Zewen Liu

Wei Liu

Ting Gao

Fangyan Yuan

Rui Guo

Yongxiang Tian

Danna Zhou

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

African swine fever virus (ASFV), a highly virulent double-stranded DNA virus, poses a significant threat to global pig farming, with mortality rates in domestic pigs reaching up to 100%. Originating in Kenya in 1921, ASFV has since proliferated to Western Europe, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and most recently China in 2018, resulting in substantial global agricultural losses. Antigenic epitopes, recognized by the immune system's T cells and B cells, are pivotal in antiviral immune responses. The identification and characterization of these antigenic epitopes can offer invaluable insights into the immune response against ASFV and aid in the development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. Vaccine adjuvants, substances that amplify the body's specific immune response to antigens, also play a crucial role. This review provides an overview of the progress in studying T/B-cell epitopes in ASFV proteins and ASFV vaccine adjuvants, highlighting their role in the immune response and potential use in new vaccine development.

References

Leitao A, Malur A, Cornelis P, Martins C . Identification of a 25-aminoacid sequence from the major African swine fever virus structural protein VP72 recognised by porcine cytotoxic T lymphocytes using a lipoprotein based expression system. J Virol Methods. 1998; 75(1):113-9. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00105-0. View

Liu H, Zhu Z, Feng T, Ma Z, Xue Q, Wu P . African Swine Fever Virus E120R Protein Inhibits Interferon Beta Production by Interacting with IRF3 To Block Its Activation. J Virol. 2021; 95(18):e0082421. PMC: 8387055. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00824-21. View

Liu Q, Ma B, Qian N, Zhang F, Tan X, Lei J . Structure of the African swine fever virus major capsid protein p72. Cell Res. 2019; 29(11):953-955. PMC: 6889146. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0232-x. View

ODonnell V, Risatti G, Holinka L, Krug P, Carlson J, Velazquez-Salinas L . Simultaneous Deletion of the 9GL and UK Genes from the African Swine Fever Virus Georgia 2007 Isolate Offers Increased Safety and Protection against Homologous Challenge. J Virol. 2016; 91(1). PMC: 5165186. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01760-16. View

Penrith M . African swine fever. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2009; 76(1):91-5. View

Liao Z, Huang J, Lo P, Lovell J, Jin H, Yang K . Self-adjuvanting cancer nanovaccines. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022; 20(1):345. PMC: 9316869. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01545-z. View

Zhao H, Wang G, Dong H, Wu S, Du Y, Wan B . Identification of a Linear B Cell Epitope on p54 of African Swine Fever Virus Using Nanobodies as a Novel Tool. Microbiol Spectr. 2023; 11(3):e0336222. PMC: 10269858. DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03362-22. View

Gracia J, Pearce D, Masic A, Balasch M . Influenza A Virus in Swine: Epidemiology, Challenges and Vaccination Strategies. Front Vet Sci. 2020; 7:647. PMC: 7536279. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00647. View

Lu H, Zhou X, Wu Z, Zhang X, Zhu L, Guo X . Comparison of the mucosal adjuvanticities of two Toll-like receptor ligands for recombinant adenovirus-delivered African swine fever virus fusion antigens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2021; 239:110307. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110307. View

10.

Pulendran B, Arunachalam P, OHagan D . Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021; 20(6):454-475. PMC: 8023785. DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00163-y. View

11.

Rossjohn J, Gras S, Miles J, Turner S, Godfrey D, McCluskey J . T cell antigen receptor recognition of antigen-presenting molecules. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014; 33:169-200. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112334. View

12.

Renukaradhya G, Meng X, Calvert J, Roof M, Lager K . Live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Current status and future direction. Vaccine. 2015; 33(33):4069-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.092. View

13.

Liu S, Ding P, Du Y, Ren D, Chen Y, Li M . Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the extracellular domain of African swine fever virus structural protein, CD2v. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13:1056117. PMC: 9716131. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1056117. View

14.

Argilaguet J, Perez-Martin E, Nofrarias M, Gallardo C, Accensi F, Lacasta A . DNA vaccination partially protects against African swine fever virus lethal challenge in the absence of antibodies. PLoS One. 2012; 7(9):e40942. PMC: 3458849. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040942. View

15.

Xu L, Hao F, Jeong D, Chen R, Gan Y, Zhang L . Mucosal and cellular immune responses elicited by nasal and intramuscular inoculation with ASFV candidate immunogens. Front Immunol. 2023; 14:1200297. PMC: 10502713. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200297. View

16.

Liu R, Sun Y, Chai Y, Li S, Li S, Wang L . The structural basis of African swine fever virus pA104R binding to DNA and its inhibition by stilbene derivatives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020; 117(20):11000-11009. PMC: 7245070. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922523117. View

17.

Sereda A, Balyshev V, Kazakova A, Imatdinov A, Kolbasov D . Protective Properties of Attenuated Strains of African Swine Fever Virus Belonging to Seroimmunotypes I-VIII. Pathogens. 2020; 9(4). PMC: 7238197. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040274. View

18.

Rodriguez F, Alcaraz C, Eiras A, Yanez R, Rodriguez J, Alonso C . Characterization and molecular basis of heterogeneity of the African swine fever virus envelope protein p54. J Virol. 1994; 68(11):7244-52. PMC: 237164. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.68.11.7244-7252.1994. View

19.

Song J, Wang M, Zhou L, Tian P, Sun Z, Sun J . A candidate nanoparticle vaccine comprised of multiple epitopes of the African swine fever virus elicits a robust immune response. J Nanobiotechnology. 2023; 21(1):424. PMC: 10647103. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02210-9. View

20.

Zhai W, Huang Y, He Y, Chu Y, Tao C, Pang Z . Immunogenicity Analysis and Identification of Potential T-Cell Epitopes in C129R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(6). PMC: 11205686. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061056. View