Effect of the Addition of Inorganic Fillers on the Properties of Degradable Polymeric Blends for Bone Tissue Engineering

Overview

Journal Molecules

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biology

Date 2024 Aug 29

PMID 39202905

Authors

Stanislaw Marecik

Iwona Pudelko-Prazuch

Mareeswari Balasubramanian

Sundara Moorthi Ganesan

Suvro Chatterjee

Kinga Pielichowska

Ravichandran Kandaswamy

Elzbieta Pamula

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Bone tissue exhibits self-healing properties; however, not all defects can be repaired without surgical intervention. Bone tissue engineering offers artificial scaffolds, which can act as a temporary matrix for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to manufacture scaffolds made of poly(lactic acid), poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(propylene fumarate), and poly(ethylene glycol) modified with bioglass, beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and/or wollastonite (W) particles. The scaffolds were fabricated using a gel-casting method and observed with optical and scanning electron microscopes. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), wettability, and degradation tests were conducted. The highest content of TCP without W in the composition caused the highest hydrophilicity (water contact angle of 61.9 ± 6.3°), the fastest degradation rate (7% mass loss within 28 days), moderate ability to precipitate CaP after incubation in PBS, and no cytotoxicity for L929 cells. The highest content of W without TCP caused the highest hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 83.4 ± 1.7°), the lowest thermal stability, slower degradation (3% mass loss within 28 days), and did not evoke CaP precipitation. Moreover, some signs of cytotoxicity on day 1 were observed. The samples with both TCP and W showed moderate properties and the best cytocompatibility on day 4. Interestingly, they were covered with typical cauliflower-like hydroxyapatite deposits after incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), which might be a sign of their excellent bioactivity.

References

Zenebe C . A Review on the Role of Wollastonite Biomaterial in Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomed Res Int. 2022; 2022:4996530. PMC: 9767726. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4996530. View

Elhattab K, Bhaduri S, Sikder P . Influence of Fused Deposition Modelling Nozzle Temperature on the Rheology and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed β-Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composite. Polymers (Basel). 2022; 14(6). PMC: 8952643. DOI: 10.3390/polym14061222. View

Ju Z, Brosse N, Hoppe S, Wang Z, Ziegler-Devin I, Zhang H . Thermal and mechanical properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lignin/polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024; 262(Pt 1):129997. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129997. View

Salvatore L, Gallo N, Natali M, Terzi A, Sannino A, Madaghiele M . Mimicking the Hierarchical Organization of Natural Collagen: Toward the Development of Ideal Scaffolding Material for Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021; 9:644595. PMC: 8112590. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.644595. View

Wang C, Xu D, Lin L, Li S, Hou W, He Y . Large-pore-size Ti6Al4V scaffolds with different pore structures for vascularized bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021; 131:112499. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112499. View

Dong J, Uemura T, Shirasaki Y, Tateishi T . Promotion of bone formation using highly pure porous beta-TCP combined with bone marrow-derived osteoprogenitor cells. Biomaterials. 2002; 23(23):4493-502. DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00193-x. View

Chen Z, Yan X, Yin S, Liu L, Liu X, Zhao G . Influence of the pore size and porosity of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V ELI porous scaffold on cell proliferation, osteogenesis and bone ingrowth. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019; 106:110289. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110289. View

Samourides A, Browning L, Hearnden V, Chen B . The effect of porous structure on the cell proliferation, tissue ingrowth and angiogenic properties of poly(glycerol sebacate urethane) scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020; 108:110384. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110384. View

Chen W, Liang Y, Hou X, Zhang J, Ding H, Sun S . Mechanical Grinding Preparation and Characterization of TiO₂-Coated Wollastonite Composite Pigments. Materials (Basel). 2018; 11(4). PMC: 5951477. DOI: 10.3390/ma11040593. View

10.

Wang J, You M, Ding Z, Ye W . A review of emerging bone tissue engineering via PEG conjugated biodegradable amphiphilic copolymers. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019; 97:1021-1035. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.057. View

11.

Zakaria M, Sulong A, Muhamad N, Raza M, Ramli M . Incorporation of wollastonite bioactive ceramic with titanium for medical applications: An overview. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019; 97:884-895. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.056. View

12.

Hammami I, Graca M, Gavinho S, Jakka S, Borges J, Silva J . Exploring the Impact of Copper Oxide Substitution on Structure, Morphology, Bioactivity, and Electrical Properties of 45S5 Bioglass. Biomimetics (Basel). 2024; 9(4). PMC: 11048336. DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040213. View

13.

Matumba K, Motloung M, Ojijo V, Sinha Ray S, Sadiku E . Investigation of the Effects of Chain Extender on Material Properties of PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG Blends: Comparative Study between Polycaprolactone and Polyethylene Glycol. Polymers (Basel). 2023; 15(9). PMC: 10181129. DOI: 10.3390/polym15092230. View

14.

Pudelko-Prazuch I, Balasubramanian M, Ganesan S, Marecik S, Walczak K, Pielichowska K . Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Porous Polymer-Blended Scaffolds Functionalized with Tricalcium Phosphate. J Funct Biomater. 2024; 15(3). PMC: 10970789. DOI: 10.3390/jfb15030057. View

15.

Cao C, Huang P, Prasopthum A, Parsons A, Ai F, Yang J . Characterisation of bone regeneration in 3D printed ductile PCL/PEG/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with high ceramic microparticle concentrations. Biomater Sci. 2021; 10(1):138-152. DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01645h. View

16.

Kozaniti F, Deligianni D, Georgiou M, Portan D . The Role of Substrate Topography and Stiffness on MSC Cells Functions: Key Material Properties for Biomimetic Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel). 2022; 7(1). PMC: 8788532. DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010007. View

17.

Cai Z, Wan Y, Becker M, Long Y, Dean D . Poly(propylene fumarate)-based materials: Synthesis, functionalization, properties, device fabrication and biomedical applications. Biomaterials. 2019; 208:45-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.038. View

18.

Li Y, Yang C, Zhao H, Qu S, Li X, Li Y . New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Materials (Basel). 2017; 7(3):1709-1800. PMC: 5453259. DOI: 10.3390/ma7031709. View

19.

Ji T, Feng B, Shen J, Zhang M, Hu Y, Jiang A . An Avascular Niche Created by Axitinib-Loaded PCL/Collagen Nanofibrous Membrane Stabilized Subcutaneous Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021; 8(20):e2100351. PMC: 8529489. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100351. View

20.

Lozano-Sanchez L, Bagudanch I, Sustaita A, Iturbe-Ek J, Elizalde L, Garcia-Romeu M . Single-Point Incremental Forming of Two Biocompatible Polymers: An Insight into Their Thermal and Structural Properties. Polymers (Basel). 2019; 10(4). PMC: 6415463. DOI: 10.3390/polym10040391. View