Characterizing Growth-Retarded Japanese Eels (): Insights into Metabolic and Appetite Regulation

Overview

Journal Metabolites

Publisher MDPI

Date 2024 Aug 28

PMID 39195528

Authors

Xiangbiao Zeng

Jingwei Liu

Yiwen Chen

Huan Han

Yanhe Liu

Bin Xie

Tianwei Jiang

Chris Kong-Chu Wong

Kang Li

Liping Liu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

During field surveys and culture procedures, large growth disparities in have been observed. However, the potential causes are unknown. This study explored differences in digestive ability, metabolic levels, and transcriptomic profiles of appetite-related genes between growth-retarded eel (GRE) and normal-growing eel (NGE) under the same rearing conditions. The results showed that growth hormone () mRNA expression in GREs was considerably lower than NGEs. The levels of total protein (TP), total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), blood ammonia (BA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in GREs were significantly lower than in NGEs. Conversely, levels of glucose (GLU), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were higher in GREs. The activities of SOD, CAT, and T-AOC levels were also significantly lower in GREs, as were the activities of glucose-related enzymes including hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PASE). Additionally, orexigenic genes ( and ) were dramatically downregulated, whereas anorexigenic genes ( and ) were significantly upregulated in GREs. These findings suggested that variances in growth hormone, metabolic activities, and appetite level could be associated with the different growth rates of . The present research not only revealed the characteristics of the growth, metabolism, and appetite of GREs but also offered new perspectives into the substantial growth discrepancies in , providing novel ideas for enhancing fish growth.

References

Li W, Lin H . The endocrine regulation network of growth hormone synthesis and secretion in fish: emphasis on the signal integration in somatotropes. Sci China Life Sci. 2010; 53(4):462-70. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0084-6. View

Yuan X, Cai W, Liang X, Su H, Yuan Y, Li A . Obestatin partially suppresses ghrelin stimulation of appetite in "high-responders" grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2015; 184:144-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.02.019. View

Sherzada S, Nauman Sharif M, Ali Q, Khan S, Shah T, El-Tabakh M . Relative expression levels of growth hormone gene and growth rate in Indian major carp species. Acta Biochim Pol. 2023; 70(4):943-949. DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_6864. View

Miura T, Maruyama K, Shimakura S, Kaiya H, Uchiyama M, Kangawa K . Regulation of food intake in the goldfish by interaction between ghrelin and orexin. Peptides. 2007; 28(6):1207-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.023. View

Ronnestad I, Gomes A, Murashita K, Angotzi R, Jonsson E, Volkoff H . Appetite-Controlling Endocrine Systems in Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017; 8:73. PMC: 5394176. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00073. View

Sudo R, Kawakami Y, Nomura K, Tanaka H, Kazeto Y . Production of recombinant Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) growth hormones and their effects on early-stage larvae. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2022; 317:113977. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.113977. View

Yang B, Greene M, Chen T . Early embryonic expression of the growth hormone family protein genes in the developing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Mol Reprod Dev. 1999; 53(2):127-34. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199906)53:2<127::AID-MRD1>3.0.CO;2-H. View

Silverstein J, Breininger J, Baskin D, Plisetskaya E . Neuropeptide Y-like gene expression in the salmon brain increases with fasting. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1998; 110(2):157-65. DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1998.7058. View

Bauer P, Hamr S, Duca F . Regulation of energy balance by a gut-brain axis and involvement of the gut microbiota. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015; 73(4):737-55. PMC: 11108299. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2083-z. View

10.

Sousa T, Domingos T, Poggiale J, Kooijman S . Dynamic energy budget theory restores coherence in biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010; 365(1557):3413-28. PMC: 2981977. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0166. View

11.

Alrubaian J, Lecaude S, Barba J, Szynskie L, Jacobs N, Bauer D . Trends in the evolution of the prodynorphin gene in teleosts: cloning of eel and tilapia prodynorphin cDNAs. Peptides. 2005; 27(4):797-804. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.09.007. View

12.

Tine M, Kuhl H, Teske P, Tschop M, Jastroch M . Diversification and coevolution of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor system in vertebrates. Ecol Evol. 2016; 6(8):2516-35. PMC: 4797157. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2057. View

13.

Peres H, Santos S, Oliva-Teles A . Blood chemistry profile as indicator of nutritional status in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish Physiol Biochem. 2014; 40(5):1339-47. DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9928-5. View

14.

Blanco A . Hypothalamic- and pituitary-derived growth and reproductive hormones and the control of energy balance in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2019; 287:113322. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113322. View

15.

Naslund E, Hellstrom P . Appetite signaling: from gut peptides and enteric nerves to brain. Physiol Behav. 2007; 92(1-2):256-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.017. View

16.

Volkoff H . Appetite regulating peptides in red-bellied piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri: cloning, tissue distribution and effect of fasting on mRNA expression levels. Peptides. 2014; 56:116-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.022. View

17.

Huang L, Tan H, Fogarty M, Andrews Z, Veldhuis J, Herzog H . Actions of NPY, and its Y1 and Y2 receptors on pulsatile growth hormone secretion during the fed and fasted state. J Neurosci. 2014; 34(49):16309-19. PMC: 6608488. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4622-13.2014. View

18.

Tinoco A, Naslund J, Delgado M, de Pedro N, Johnsson J, Jonsson E . Ghrelin increases food intake, swimming activity and growth in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Physiol Behav. 2013; 124:15-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.034. View

19.

Zhong H, Xiao J, Chen W, Zhou Y, Tang Z, Guo Z . DNA methylation of pituitary growth hormone is involved in male growth superiority of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2014; 171:42-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.03.006. View

20.

Reindl K, Sheridan M . Peripheral regulation of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor system in fish and other vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2012; 163(3-4):231-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.08.003. View