Sustainable Fish Meal-Free Diets for Gilthead Sea Bream (): Integrated Biomarker Response to Assess the Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense and Immunological Status

Overview

Journal Animals (Basel)

Date 2024 Aug 10

PMID 39123694

Authors

Ana M Fernandes

Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner

Gabriella V Pereira

Ana Teresa Goncalves

Jorge Dias

Johan Johansen

Tome Silva

Fernando Naya-Catala

Carla Piazzon

Ariadna Sitja-Bobadilla

Benjamin Costas

Luis E C Conceicao

Jorge M O Fernandes

Jaume Perez-Sanchez

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The growth of the aquaculture industry requires more sustainable and circular economy-driven aquafeed formulas. Thus, the goal of the present study was to assess in farmed gilthead sea bream ( L.) how different combinations of novel and conventional fish feed ingredients supported proper animal performance in terms of growth and physiological biomarkers of blood/liver/head kidney. A 77-day feeding trial was conducted with three experimental diets (PAP, with terrestrial processed animal protein from animal by-products; NOPAP, without processed animal protein from terrestrial animal by-products; MIX, a combination of alternative ingredients of PAP and NOPAP diets) and a commercial-type formulation (CTRL), and their effects on growth performance and markers of endocrine growth regulation, lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense and inflammatory condition were assessed at circulatory and tissue level (liver, head kidney). Growth performance was similar among all dietary treatments. However, fish fed the PAP diet displayed a lower feed conversion and protein efficiency, with intermediate values in MIX-fed fish. Such gradual variation in growth performance was supported by different biomarker signatures that delineated a lower risk of oxidation and inflammatory condition in NOPAP fish, in concurrence with an enhanced hepatic lipogenesis that did not represent a risk of lipoid liver degeneration.

References

Santigosa E, Brambilla F, Milanese L . Microalgae Oil as an Effective Alternative Source of EPA and DHA for Gilthead Seabream () Aquaculture. Animals (Basel). 2021; 11(4). PMC: 8065835. DOI: 10.3390/ani11040971. View

Guo M, Tang X, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W . The effects of IL-1β, IL-8, G-CSF and TNF-α as molecular adjuvant on the immune response to an E. tarda subunit vaccine in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2018; 77:374-384. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.009. View

Cleveland B, Weber G, Blemings K, Silverstein J . Insulin-like growth factor-I and genetic effects on indexes of protein degradation in response to feed deprivation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009; 297(5):R1332-42. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00272.2009. View

Gerber L, Tester J, Beal C, Huntley M, Sills D . Target Cultivation and Financing Parameters for Sustainable Production of Fuel and Feed from Microalgae. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50(7):3333-41. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05381. View

Naya-Catala F, do Vale Pereira G, Piazzon M, Fernandes A, Calduch-Giner J, Sitja-Bobadilla A . Cross-Talk Between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Gene Expression in Gilthead Sea Bream () Juveniles: Insights in Fish Feeds for Increased Circularity and Resource Utilization. Front Physiol. 2021; 12:748265. PMC: 8523787. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.748265. View

Naya-Catala F, Simo-Mirabet P, Calduch-Giner J, Perez-Sanchez J . Transcriptomic profiling of Gh/Igf system reveals a prompted tissue-specific differentiation and novel hypoxia responsive genes in gilthead sea bream. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1):16466. PMC: 8360970. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95408-6. View

Bai L, Li H . Innate immune regulatory networks in hepatic lipid metabolism. J Mol Med (Berl). 2019; 97(5):593-604. DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01765-1. View

Feng Q, Chen W, Wang Y . Gut Microbiota: An Integral Moderator in Health and Disease. Front Microbiol. 2018; 9:151. PMC: 5826318. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00151. View

Graham S, Secombes C . The production of a macrophage-activating factor from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri leucocytes. Immunology. 1988; 65(2):293-7. PMC: 1384927. View

10.

Scapini P, Gasperini S, Calzetti F, Bazzoni F, Cassatella M . The neutrophil as a cellular source of chemokines. Immunol Rev. 2001; 177:195-203. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.17706.x. View

11.

Livak K, Schmittgen T . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2002; 25(4):402-8. DOI: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262. View

12.

Tripathy S, Lytle K, Stevens R, Bain J, Newgard C, Greenberg A . Fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl5) regulates hepatic triglyceride catabolism in obese C57BL/6J mice. J Lipid Res. 2014; 55(7):1448-64. PMC: 4076069. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M050062. View

13.

Maria B, Maria M, Antonio B, Simona M, Rosaria A, Andrea S . Chemical and biochemical responses to sub-lethal doses of mercury and cadmium in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Chemosphere. 2022; 307(Pt 3):135822. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135822. View

14.

Conceicao L, Aragao C, Dias J, Costas B, Terova G, Martins C . Dietary nitrogen and fish welfare. Fish Physiol Biochem. 2012; 38(1):119-41. DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9592-y. View

15.

Carter C, Codabaccus M . Assessing the value of single-cell ingredients in aquafeeds. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2022; 76:102734. DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102734. View

16.

Tran H, Chen S, Chaung H, Cheng T . Molecular cloning of IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IFN-ɤ and modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) after Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida infection. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2019; 230:10-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.004. View

17.

Ballester-Lozano G, Benedito-Palos L, Estensoro I, Sitja-Bobadilla A, Kaushik S, Perez-Sanchez J . Comprehensive biometric, biochemical and histopathological assessment of nutrient deficiencies in gilthead sea bream fed semi-purified diets. Br J Nutr. 2015; 114(5):713-26. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515002354. View

18.

Costas B, Couto A, Azeredo R, Machado M, Krogdahl A, Oliva-Teles A . Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) immune responses are modulated after feeding with purified antinutrients. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2014; 41(1):70-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.032. View

19.

Ruiz A, Andree K, Furones D, Holhorea P, Calduch-Giner J, Vinas M . Modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal immune response in gilthead seabream () by dietary bile salt supplementation. Front Microbiol. 2023; 14:1123716. PMC: 10166234. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123716. View

20.

Butt R, Volkoff H . Gut Microbiota and Energy Homeostasis in Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019; 10:9. PMC: 6353785. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00009. View