Increased Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Diabetic Mouse Model ( Mice)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is linked to multiple complications, including cognitive impairment, and the prevalence of memory-related neurodegenerative diseases is higher in T2DM patients. One possible theory is the alteration of the microvascular and macrovascular environment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we employed different approaches, including RT-PCR, functional pharmacokinetic studies using sodium fluorescein (NaFL), and confocal microscopy, to characterize the functional and molecular integrity of the BBB in a T2DM animal model, leptin receptor-deficient mutant mice ( mice). As a result, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MMP-9, and S100b (BBB-related markers) dysregulation was observed in the animal model compared to littermate wild-type mice. The brain concentration of sodium fluorescein (NaFL) increased significantly in untreated mice compared to insulin-treated mice. Therefore, the permeability of NaFL was higher in control mice than in all remaining groups. Identifying the factors that increase the BBB in mice will provide a better understanding of the BBB microvasculature and present previously undescribed findings of T2DM-related brain illnesses, filling knowledge gaps in this emerging field of research.