Current Treatment in Macrophage Activation Syndrome Worldwide: a Systematic Literature Review to Inform the METAPHOR Project

Overview

Journal Rheumatology (Oxford)

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialty Rheumatology

Date 2024 Jul 26

PMID 39058514

Authors

Francesco Baldo

Remco G A Erkens

Mao Mizuta

Greta Rogani

Federica Lucioni

Claudia Bracaglia

Dirk Foell

Marco Gattorno

Marija Jelusic

Jordi Anton

Paul Brogan

Scott Canna

Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan

Randy Q Cron

Fabrizio De Benedetti

Alexei Grom

Merav Heshin-Bekenstein

Annacarin Horne

Raju Khubchandani

Seza Ozen

Pierre Quartier

Angelo Ravelli

Masaki Shimizu

Grant Schulert

Christiaan Scott

Rashmi Sinha

Nicolino Ruperto

Joost F Swart

Sebastiaan Vastert

Francesca Minoia

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: To assess current treatment in macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) worldwide and to highlight any areas of major heterogeneity of practice.

Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in both EMBASE and PubMed databases. Paper screening was done by two independent teams based on agreed criteria. Data extraction was standardized following the PICO framework. A panel of experts assessed paper validity, using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools and category of evidence (CoE) according to EULAR procedure.

Results: Fifty-seven papers were finally included (80% retrospective case-series), describing 1148 patients with MAS: 889 systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), 137 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 69 Kawasaki disease (KD) and 53 other rheumatological conditions. Fourteen and 11 studies specified data on MAS associated to SLE and KD, respectively. All papers mentioned glucocorticoids (GCs), mostly methylprednisolone and prednisolone (90%); dexamethasone was used in 7% of patients. Ciclosporin was reported in a wide range of patients according to different cohorts. Anakinra was used in 179 MAS patients, with a favourable outcome in 83% of sJIA-MAS. Etoposide was described by 11 studies, mainly as part of HLH-94/04 protocol. Emapalumab was the only medication tested in a clinical trial in 14 sJIA-MAS, with 93% of MAS remission. Ruxolitinib was the most reported Janus kinase inhibitor in MAS.

Conclusion: High-dose GCs together with IL-1 and IFNγ inhibitors have shown efficacy in MAS, especially in sJIA-associated MAS. However, the global level of evidence on MAS treatment, especially in other conditions, is still poor and requires standardized studies to be confirmed.

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