Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenia: Contextualization from a Historical Perspective

Overview

Journal Hematol Rep

Publisher MDPI

Date 2024 Jul 25

PMID 39051412

Authors

Daniel Martinez-Carballeira

Angel Bernardo

Alberto Caro

Inmaculada Soto

Laura Gutierrez

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an isolated decrease in platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding. The pathogenesis is complex, affecting multiple components of the immune system and causing both peripheral destruction of platelets and inadequate production in the bone marrow. In this article, we review the treatment of ITP from a historical perspective, discussing first line and second line treatments, and management of refractory disease.

References

Neunert C, Terrell D, Arnold D, Buchanan G, Cines D, Cooper N . American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2019; 3(23):3829-3866. PMC: 6963252. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000966. View

Robak T, Kazmierczak M, Jarque I, Musteata V, Trelinski J, Cooper N . Phase 2 multiple-dose study of an FcRn inhibitor, rozanolixizumab, in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2020; 4(17):4136-4146. PMC: 7479959. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002003. View

Crow A, Lazarus A . The mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin and polyclonal anti-d immunoglobulin in the amelioration of immune thrombocytopenic purpura: what do we really know?. Transfus Med Rev. 2008; 22(2):103-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2007.12.001. View

Al-Samkari H, Rosovsky R, Karp Leaf R, Smith D, Goodarzi K, Fogerty A . A modern reassessment of glycoprotein-specific direct platelet autoantibody testing in immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2020; 4(1):9-18. PMC: 6960466. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000868. View

Arnold D, Clerici B, Ilicheva E, Ghanima W . Refractory immune thrombocytopenia in adults: Towards a new definition. Br J Haematol. 2023; 203(1):23-27. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19075. View

Cheng G, Saleh M, Marcher C, Vasey S, Mayer B, Aivado M . Eltrombopag for management of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (RAISE): a 6-month, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010; 377(9763):393-402. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60959-2. View

Gaines A . Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with acute hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria following Rh(0)(D) immune globulin intravenous administration for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2005; 106(5):1532-7. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-11-4303. View

Martinez-Botia P, Meinders M, De Cuyper I, Eble J, Semple J, Gutierrez L . Dissecting platelet proteomics to understand the pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenia: studies in mouse models. Blood Adv. 2022; 6(11):3529-3534. PMC: 9198918. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006438. View

Bussel J, Provan D, Shamsi T, Cheng G, Psaila B, Kovaleva L . Effect of eltrombopag on platelet counts and bleeding during treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 373(9664):641-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60402-5. View

10.

Bussel J, Graziano J, Kimberly R, Pahwa S, Aledort L . Intravenous anti-D treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura: analysis of efficacy, toxicity, and mechanism of effect. Blood. 1991; 77(9):1884-93. View

11.

Go R, Johnston K, Bruden K . The association between platelet autoantibody specificity and response to intravenous immunoglobulin G in the treatment of patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Haematologica. 2007; 92(2):283-4. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.10667. View

12.

Chaturvedi S, Arnold D, McCrae K . Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia: down but not out. Blood. 2018; 131(11):1172-1182. PMC: 5855018. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-09-742353. View

13.

Stasi R, Pagano A, Stipa E, Amadori S . Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment for adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2001; 98(4):952-7. DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.4.952. View

14.

Peng J, Ma S, Liu J, Hou Y, Liu X, Niu T . Association of autoantibody specificity and response to intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in immune thrombocytopenia: a multicenter cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2014; 12(4):497-504. DOI: 10.1111/jth.12524. View

15.

Vianelli N, Auteri G, Buccisano F, Carrai V, Baldacci E, Clissa C . Refractory primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): current clinical challenges and therapeutic perspectives. Ann Hematol. 2022; 101(5):963-978. PMC: 8867457. DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04786-y. View

16.

Chugh S, Darvish-Kazem S, Lim W, Crowther M, Ghanima W, Wang G . Rituximab plus standard of care for treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2015; 2(2):e75-81. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00003-4. View

17.

Cohen Y, Djulbegovic B, Mozes B . The bleeding risk and natural history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with persistent low platelet counts. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(11):1630-8. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.160.11.1630. View

18.

Mahevas M, Ebbo M, Audia S, Bonnotte B, Schleinitz N, Durand J . Efficacy and safety of rituximab given at 1,000 mg on days 1 and 15 compared to the standard regimen to treat adult immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol. 2013; 88(10):858-61. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23518. View

19.

Neunert C, Noroozi N, Norman G, Buchanan G, Goy J, Nazi I . Severe bleeding events in adults and children with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost. 2014; 13(3):457-64. PMC: 4991942. DOI: 10.1111/jth.12813. View

20.

Andersen J . Response of resistant idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to pulsed high-dose dexamethasone therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330(22):1560-4. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199406023302203. View