The Effect of Polymethylmethacrylate on Bone: an Experimental Study

In order to assess the response of bone to low-viscosity polymethylmethacrylate, CMW or Simplex acrylic cement was digitally packed while in a doughy state into drill holes in the proximal diaphysis in each of four long bones (humeri and tibiae) of mongrel dogs. Histological assessment was performed in areas of minimal load at the interface between the viscoelastic bone and the acrylic cement. Decalcified and undecalcified sections were evaluated and a remodeling or activity index calculated. Fluorescent labeling studies were performed in order to assess bone growth. Animals were killed at 2, 4 or 5 months. Histological analysis showed a thin connective-tissue membrane containing scattered giant cells and histiocytes at the bone-cement interface. Inflammation was not an important facet of this response. The marrow and trabecular bone were viable, except for scattered localized areas of marrow necrosis and fibrosis immediately adjacent to the cement. The bone adjacent to the cement showed a lower remodeling or activity index, fewer fluorescent bands, and smaller distances between successive bands, suggesting decreased bone formation and turnover. The etiology of these findings may include a vascular disturbance secondary to disruption of the cortical and marrow circulation, temperature effects during cement polymerization, and/or chemical effects from the acrylic monomer.