Body MRI in Pediatrics: Where We Are and What the Future Holds

Overview

Journal Pediatr Radiol

Specialty Pediatrics

Date 2024 Jul 9

PMID 38981906

Authors

Sudha A Anupindi

Jonathan R Dillman

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for disease diagnosis, characterization, and monitoring in children of all ages. MRI has numerous advantages when compared to other imaging modalities, including a lack of ionizing radiation, superior soft tissue image contrast, and ability to provide objective, quantitative assessments. As MRI continues to evolve, pediatric body MRI examinations of the future will certainly be different than our current and past protocols. In this review article, we will discuss the present and likely future states of pediatric body MRI, including the increasing application of quantitative MRI methods, faster imaging techniques and implementation of abbreviated targeted protocols, and the growing use of artificial intelligence methods.

References

Courtier J, Rao A, Anupindi S . Advanced imaging techniques in pediatric body MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 2017; 47(5):522-533. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3778-0. View

Dillman J, Somasundaram E, Brady S, He L . Current and emerging artificial intelligence applications for pediatric abdominal imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2021; 52(11):2139-2148. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05057-0. View

Trout A, Abu-El-Haija M, Anupindi S, Marine M, Murati M, Phelps A . Interobserver Agreement for CT and MRI Findings of Chronic Pancreatitis in Children: A Multicenter Ancillary Study Under the INSPPIRE Consortium. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2022; 219(2):303-313. PMC: 9308729. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.21.27234. View

Rees M, Dillman J, Anton C, Rattan M, Smith E, Towbin A . Inter-radiologist agreement using Society of Abdominal Radiology-American Gastroenterological Association (SAR-AGA) consensus nomenclature for reporting CT and MR enterography in children and young adults with small bowel Crohn disease. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018; 44(2):391-397. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1743-5. View

Guglielmo F, Barr R, Yokoo T, Ferraioli G, Lee J, Dillman J . Liver Fibrosis, Fat, and Iron Evaluation with MRI and Fibrosis and Fat Evaluation with US: A Practical Guide for Radiologists. Radiographics. 2023; 43(6):e220181. DOI: 10.1148/rg.220181. View

Low G, Ferguson C, Locas S, Tu W, Manolea F, Sam M . Multiparametric MR assessment of liver fat, iron, and fibrosis: a concise overview of the liver "Triple Screen". Abdom Radiol (NY). 2023; 48(6):2060-2073. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03887-0. View

McCleary B, Trout A, Dillman J, Sun Q, Fei L, Abu-El-Haija M . Validation of threshold values for pancreas thickness and T1-weighted signal intensity ratio in the pediatric pancreas. Pediatr Radiol. 2020; 50(10):1381-1386. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04733-x. View

Bane O, Gee M, Menys A, Dillman J, Taouli B . Emerging Imaging Biomarkers in Crohn Disease. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2021; 30(1):31-41. DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000264. View

Dickerson E, Dillman J, Smith E, Dipietro M, Lebowitz R, Darge K . Pediatric MR Urography: Indications, Techniques, and Approach to Review. Radiographics. 2015; 35(4):1208-30. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2015140223. View

10.

Serai S, Ho M, Artunduaga M, Chan S, Chavhan G . Components of a magnetic resonance imaging system and their relationship to safety and image quality. Pediatr Radiol. 2021; 51(5):716-723. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04894-9. View

11.

Jaimes C, Gee M . Strategies to minimize sedation in pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2016; 46(6):916-27. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-016-3613-z. View

12.

Subhas N . Editorial Comment: Accelerated Joint MRI With Deep Learning-Based Reconstruction-A Promising Approach to Increasing Imaging Speed Without Compromising Image Quality. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021; 218(3):516. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.21.26880. View

13.

Almansour H, Herrmann J, Gassenmaier S, Lingg A, Nickel M, Kannengiesser S . Combined Deep Learning-based Super-Resolution and Partial Fourier Reconstruction for Gradient Echo Sequences in Abdominal MRI at 3 Tesla: Shortening Breath-Hold Time and Improving Image Sharpness and Lesion Conspicuity. Acad Radiol. 2022; 30(5):863-872. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.06.003. View

14.

Manuel Molina-Maza J, Galiana-Bordera A, Jimenez M, Malpica N, Torrado-Carvajal A . Development of a Super-Resolution Scheme for Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Through Convolutional Neural Networks. Front Neurosci. 2022; 16:830143. PMC: 9641213. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.830143. View

15.

Trout A, Squires J, Rees M, Plunk M, Murati M, Marine M . Consensus Minimum MRI Protocol for the Child With Acute Recurrent or Chronic Pancreatitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2023; 222(1):e2329940. PMC: 10921424. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.23.29940. View

16.

Warner J, Desoky S, Arif Tiwari H, Morello F, Gilbertson D, Udayasankar U . Unenhanced MRI of the Abdomen and Pelvis in the Comprehensive Evaluation of Acute Atraumatic Abdominal Pain in Children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020; 215(5):1218-1228. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.19.22577. View

17.

Ata N, Trout A, Dillman J, Tkach J, Ayyala R . Technical and Diagnostic Performance of Rapid MRI for Evaluation of Appendicitis in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Acad Radiol. 2023; 31(3):1102-1110. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.09.040. View

18.

Epstein K, Trout A, Debnath P, Pitt S, OHara S, Kanj R . Rapid, free-breathing non-contrast MRI for first-line imaging evaluation of ovarian torsion in the emergency department. Pediatr Radiol. 2023; 54(2):228-235. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05827-y. View

19.

Dillman J, Anupindi S, Dane B . Proposal of an Abbreviated Noncontrast MR Enterography Protocol for Patients With Crohn Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2023; 222(2):e2330422. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.23.30422. View