First Detection of PCV4 in Swine in the United States: Codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and Direct Detection Within Tissues

Overview

Journal Sci Rep

Specialty Science

Date 2024 Jul 5

PMID 38969759

Authors

Molly Kroeger

Diana S Vargas-Bermudez

Jairo Jaime

Julian Parada

Jennifer Groeltz

Philip Gauger

Pablo Pineyro

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Since PCV4 was first described in 2019, the virus has been identified in several countries in Southeast Asia and Europe. Most studies have been limited to detecting PCV4 by PCR. Thus, PCV4 has an unclear association with clinical disease. This study utilized 512 porcine clinical lung, feces, spleen, serum, lymphoid tissue, and fetus samples submitted to the ISU-VDL from June-September 2023. PCV4 was detected in 8.6% of samples with an average Ct value of 33. While detection rates among sample types were variable, lymphoid tissue had the highest detection rate (18.7%). Two ORF2 sequences were obtained from lymphoid tissue samples and had 96.36-98.98% nucleotide identity with reference sequences. Direct detection of PCV4 by RNAscope revealed viral replication in B lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph node germinal centers and histiocytic and T lymphocyte infiltration in the lamina propria of the small intestine. PCV4 detection was most commonly observed in nursery to finishing aged pigs displaying respiratory and enteric disease. Coinfection with PCV2, PCV3, and other endemic pathogens was frequently observed, highlighting the complex interplay between different PCVs and their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. This study provides insights into the frequency of detection, tissue distribution, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in the US.

Citing Articles

Significant Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 and Porcine Circovirus 4 in Wild Boars from Mid-Western Spain Without Apparent Sanitary Consequences.

Holgado-Martin R, Risco D, Ramos A, Martinez-Perez R, Garcia-Jimenez W, Hermoso-De Mendoza J Animals (Basel). 2025; 15(4).

PMID: 40003005 PMC: 11852179. DOI: 10.3390/ani15040523.

A Subunit Vaccine Harboring the Fusion Capsid Proteins of Porcine Circovirus Types 2, 3, and 4 Induces Protective Immune Responses in a Mouse Model.

Wang Q, Zhang R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liang L, Ma H Viruses. 2025; 16(12.

PMID: 39772270 PMC: 11728783. DOI: 10.3390/v16121964.

References

Niu G, Zhang X, Ji W, Chen S, Li X, Yang L . Porcine circovirus 4 rescued from an infectious clone is replicable and pathogenic in vivo. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022; 69(5):e1632-e1641. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14498. View

Yu S, Halbur P, Thacker E . Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 infection and replication on activated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2009; 127(3-4):350-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.332. View

Nguyen V, Do H, Huynh T, Park Y, Park B, Chung H . Molecular-based detection, genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 4 from Korean domestic swine farms. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021; 69(2):538-548. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14017. View

Tian R, Zhao Y, Cui J, Zheng H, Xu T, Hou C . Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Porcine circovirus 4 in Henan and Shanxi Provinces of China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020; 68(2):276-282. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13714. View

Franzo G, Ruiz A, Grassi L, Sibila M, Drigo M, Segales J . Lack of Genome Detection in Pig Samples from Italy and Spain. Pathogens. 2020; 9(6). PMC: 7350368. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060433. View

Allan G, Ellis J . Porcine circoviruses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000; 12(1):3-14. DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200102. View

Hou C, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Cui J, Zhao L, Zheng L . Phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 4 in Henan Province of China: A retrospective study from 2011 to 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021; 69(4):1890-1901. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14172. View

Sirisereewan C, Nguyen T, Piewbang C, Jittimanee S, Kedkovid R, Thanawongnuwech R . Molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) in Thailand during 2019-2020. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1):5168. PMC: 10063680. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32382-1. View

Opriessnig T, Yu S, Gallup J, Evans R, Fenaux M, Pallares F . Effect of vaccination with selective bacterins on conventional pigs infected with type 2 porcine circovirus. Vet Pathol. 2003; 40(5):521-9. DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-5-521. View

10.

Temeeyasen G, Lierman S, Arruda B, Main R, Vannucci F, Gimenez-Lirola L . Pathogenicity and immune response against porcine circovirus type 3 infection in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. J Gen Virol. 2020; 102(1). DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001502. View

11.

Nauwynck H, Sanchez R, Meerts P, Lefebvre D, Saha D, Huang L . Cell tropism and entry of porcine circovirus 2. Virus Res. 2011; 164(1-2):43-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.003. View

12.

Zhang D, Bai C, Ge K, Li Y, Gao W, Jiang S . Establishment of an SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay for porcine circovirus type 4 detection. J Virol Methods. 2020; 285:113963. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113963. View

13.

Guindon S, Dufayard J, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O . New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol. 2010; 59(3):307-21. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syq010. View

14.

Kwon T, Yoo S, Park C, Lyoo Y . Prevalence of novel porcine circovirus 3 in Korean pig populations. Vet Microbiol. 2017; 207:178-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.013. View

15.

Gilpin D, McCullough K, Meehan B, McNeilly F, McNair I, Stevenson L . In vitro studies on the infection and replication of porcine circovirus type 2 in cells of the porcine immune system. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003; 94(3-4):149-61. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00087-4. View

16.

Holgado-Martin R, Arnal J, Sibila M, Franzo G, Martin-Jurado D, Risco D . First detection of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) in Europe. Virol J. 2023; 20(1):230. PMC: 10566016. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02181-1. View

17.

Zhang H, Hu W, Li J, Liu T, Zhou J, Opriessnig T . Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province, China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019; 67(3):1057-1061. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13446. View

18.

Vargas-Bermudez D, Mogollon J, Jaime J . The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of PCV3 and PCV2 in Colombia and PCV4 Survey during 2015-2016 and 2018-2019. Pathogens. 2022; 11(6). PMC: 9228467. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060633. View

19.

Sanchez Jr R, Meerts P, Nauwynck H, Ellis J, Pensaert M . Characteristics of porcine circovirus-2 replication in lymphoid organs of pigs inoculated in late gestation or postnatally and possible relation to clinical and pathological outcome of infection. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004; 16(3):175-85. DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600301. View

20.

Franzo G, Cortey M, Olvera A, Novosel D, Castro A, Biagini P . Revisiting the taxonomical classification of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2): still a real challenge. Virol J. 2015; 12:131. PMC: 4551364. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0361-x. View