Quantifying Spatial CXCL9 Distribution with Image Analysis Predicts Improved Prognosis of Triple-negative Breast Cancer

The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) plays a pivotal role in tumor immunity by recruiting and activating immune cells. However, the relationship between CXCL9 expression and prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unclear. We investigated CXCL9 mRNA expression, clinicopathological features, and prognosis in TNBC patients. We also used computational image analysis to quantify and assess the distribution of CXCL9 protein in the tumor core (TC) and invasive margin (IM). CXCL9 mRNA expression was significantly higher in TNBC tumors compared to normal tissue ( < 0.001) and was associated with smaller tumors ( = 0.022) and earlier stages ( = 0.033). High CXCL9 mRNA expression was correlated with improved overall survival (OS) in three independent cohorts (all < 0.05). In a separate analysis, low CXCL9 protein expression was associated with increased lymph node metastasis ( = 0.018 and = 0.036). High CXCL9 protein expression in the TC, IM, or both was associated with prolonged OS (all < 0.001). High CXCL9 expression, at both the mRNA and protein levels, is associated with improved prognosis in TNBC patients. CXCL9 expression in the TC and/or IM may be an independent prognostic factor.