Walnut Oil: a Promising Nutraceutical in Reducing Oxidative Stress and Improving Cholinergic Activity in an Alzheimer's Disease Model

Overview

Journal Toxicol Res (Camb)

Publisher Oxford University Press

Date 2024 Jul 3

PMID 38957781

Authors

Goksun Demirel

Sonia Sanajou

Anil Yirun

Deniz Arca Cakir

Aylin Balci Ozyurt

Aysel Berkkan

Terken Baydar

Pinar Erkekoglu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Improving the quality of life in elderly patients and finding new treatment options for neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's has become one of the priorities in the scientific world. In recent years, the beneficial effects and therapeutic properties of natural foods on neurological health have become a very remarkable issue. Walnut oil (WO) is a promising nutraceutical, with many phytochemicals and polyunsaturated fatty acids and is thought to be promising in the treatment of many neurological diseases and cognitive deficits, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Polyphenolic compounds found in WO enhance intraneuronal signaling and neurogenesis and improve the sequestration of insoluble toxic protein aggregates. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential protective and therapeutic effects of WO in a model of AD induced by retinoic acid (RA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In order to achieve this, the experimental groups were formed as follows: Control group, WO group, Alzheimer's disease (AD) group, AD + WO applied group (AD + WO). WO supplementation almost significantly reduced oxidative stress in the ad model, providing 2-fold protection against protein oxidation. Additionally, WO showed a significant reduction in tau protein levels (2-fold), increased acetylcholine (ACh) levels (12%), and decreased acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity (~50%). Since it has been known for centuries that WO does show any adverse effects on human health and has neuroprotective properties, it may be used in the treatment of AD as an additional nutraceutical to drug treatments.

References

Bhat B, Almilaibary A, Mir R, Aljarallah B, Mir W, Ahmad F . Natural Therapeutics in Aid of Treating Alzheimer's Disease: A Green Gateway Toward Ending Quest for Treating Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci. 2022; 16:884345. PMC: 9149276. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.884345. View

Sanajou S, Yirun A, Demirel G, Cakir D, Sahin G, Erkekoglu P . Antioxidant dihydrolipolic acid protects against in vitro aluminum-induced toxicity. J Appl Toxicol. 2023; 43(12):1793-1805. DOI: 10.1002/jat.4513. View

Safwat M, El-Sawalhi M, Mausouf M, Shaheen A . Ozone ameliorates age-related oxidative stress changes in rat liver and kidney: effects of pre- and post-ageing administration. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2014; 79(5):450-8. DOI: 10.1134/S0006297914050095. View

Esselun C, Dieter F, Sus N, Frank J, Eckert G . Walnut Oil Reduces Aβ Levels and Increases Neurite Length in a Cellular Model of Early Alzheimer Disease. Nutrients. 2022; 14(9). PMC: 9099939. DOI: 10.3390/nu14091694. View

Essa M, Vijayan R, Castellano-Gonzalez G, Memon M, Braidy N, Guillemin G . Neuroprotective effect of natural products against Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res. 2012; 37(9):1829-42. DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0799-9. View

Lian W, Fang J, Xu L, Zhou W, Kang D, Xiong W . DL0410 Ameliorates Memory and Cognitive Impairments Induced by Scopolamine via Increasing Cholinergic Neurotransmission in Mice. Molecules. 2017; 22(3). PMC: 6155334. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030410. View

Perry G, Cash A, Smith M . Alzheimer Disease and Oxidative Stress. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2002; 2(3):120-123. PMC: 161361. DOI: 10.1155/S1110724302203010. View

Sadananda G, Subramaniam J . Absence of metabotropic glutamate receptor homolog(s) accelerates acetylcholine neurotransmission in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurosci Lett. 2021; 746:135666. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135666. View

Klaassens B, van Gerven J, Klaassen E, van der Grond J, Rombouts S . Cholinergic and serotonergic modulation of resting state functional brain connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage. 2019; 199:143-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.044. View

10.

Sanajou S, Erkekoglu P, Sahin G, Baydar T . Role of aluminum exposure on Alzheimer's disease and related glycogen synthase kinase pathway. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2022; 46(3):510-522. DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2065291. View

11.

Fan N, Fusco J, Rosenberg D . Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Walnut Constituents: Focus on Personalized Cancer Prevention and the Microbiome. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023; 12(5). PMC: 10215340. DOI: 10.3390/antiox12050982. View

12.

Babazadeh A, Vahed F, Liu Q, Siddiqui S, Kharazmi M, Jafari S . Natural Bioactive Molecules as Neuromedicines for the Treatment/Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Omega. 2023; 8(4):3667-3683. PMC: 9893457. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06098. View

13.

Chen Z, Zhong C . Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull. 2014; 30(2):271-81. PMC: 5562667. DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1423-y. View

14.

Liu J, Chen D, Wang Z, Chen C, Ning D, Zhao S . Protective effect of walnut on d-galactose-induced aging mouse model. Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 7(3):969-976. PMC: 6418433. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.907. View

15.

Poulose S, Miller M, Shukitt-Hale B . Role of walnuts in maintaining brain health with age. J Nutr. 2014; 144(4 Suppl):561S-566S. DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.184838. View

16.

Heydemann A . An Overview of Murine High Fat Diet as a Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2016; 2016:2902351. PMC: 4983380. DOI: 10.1155/2016/2902351. View

17.

Graham W, Bonito-Oliva A, Sakmar T . Update on Alzheimer's Disease Therapy and Prevention Strategies. Annu Rev Med. 2017; 68:413-430. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042915-103753. View

18.

Yirun A, Cakir D, Sanajou S, Erdemli Kose S, Balci Ozyurt A, Zeybek D . Evaluation of the effects of herpes simplex glycoprotein B on complement system and cytokines in in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease. J Appl Toxicol. 2023; 43(9):1368-1378. DOI: 10.1002/jat.4471. View

19.

Zhao Y, Zhao B . Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013; 2013:316523. PMC: 3745981. DOI: 10.1155/2013/316523. View

20.

Ahmad T, Suzuki Y . Juglone in Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019; 8(4). PMC: 6523217. DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040091. View