Interferon-Stimulated Genes That Target Retrovirus Translation

Overview

Journal Viruses

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2024 Jun 27

PMID 38932225

Authors

Niklas Jager

Stefan Pohlmann

Marina V Rodnina

Shreya Ahana Ayyub

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The innate immune system, particularly the interferon (IFN) system, constitutes the initial line of defense against viral infections. IFN signaling induces the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and their products frequently restrict viral infection. Retroviruses like the human immunodeficiency viruses and the human T-lymphotropic viruses cause severe human diseases and are targeted by ISG-encoded proteins. Here, we discuss ISGs that inhibit the translation of retroviral mRNAs and thereby retrovirus propagation. The Schlafen proteins degrade cellular tRNAs and rRNAs needed for translation. Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein and RNA-activated protein kinase inhibit translation initiation factors, and Shiftless suppresses translation recoding essential for the expression of retroviral enzymes. We outline common mechanisms that underlie the antiviral activity of multifunctional ISGs and discuss potential antiretroviral therapeutic approaches based on the mode of action of these ISGs.

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