Recombination of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Features, Possible Mechanisms, and Future Directions

Overview

Journal Viruses

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2024 Jun 27

PMID 38932221

Authors

Xing-Yang Cui

Da-Song Xia

Ling-Zhi Luo

Tong-Qing An

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Recombination is a pervasive phenomenon in RNA viruses and an important strategy for accelerating the evolution of RNA virus populations. Recombination in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was first reported in 1999, and many case reports have been published in recent years. In this review, all the existing reports on PRRSV recombination events were collected, and the genotypes, parental strains, and locations of the recombination breakpoints have been summarized and analyzed. The results showed that the recombination pattern constantly changes; whether inter- or intra-lineage recombination, the recombination hotspots vary in different recombination patterns. The virulence of recombinant PRRSVs was higher than that of the parental strains, and the emergence of virulence reversion was caused by recombination after using MLV vaccines. This could be attributed to the enhanced adaptability of recombinant PRRSV for entry and replication, facilitating their rapid propagation. The aim of this paper was to identify common features of recombinant PRRSV strains, reduce the recombination risk, and provide a foundation for future research into the mechanism of PRRSV recombination.

Citing Articles

Lineage 7 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Vaccine Demonstrates Cross-Protection Against Lineage 1 and Lineage 3 Strains.

Chiu H, Chang S, Lin H, Chuang Y, Kuo K, Lin C Vaccines (Basel). 2025; 13(2).

PMID: 40006649 PMC: 11861173. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines13020102.

Getah Virus: A New Contaminant in Veterinary Vaccines.

Chu P, Chen S, Zhou X, Wei Z, Zhai S Vet Sci. 2025; 12(2).

PMID: 40005842 PMC: 11860580. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12020082.

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Northern China During 2021-2023.

Yuan N, Yang Z, Lv F, Dou L, Li X, Zhao B Viruses. 2025; 17(1.

PMID: 39861874 PMC: 11769476. DOI: 10.3390/v17010085.

Development of a Multiplex RT-qPCR Method for the Identification and Lineage Typing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus.

Tao C, Zhu X, Huang Y, Yuan W, Wang Z, Zhu H Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(23).

PMID: 39684913 PMC: 11642648. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252313203.

References

Firth A, Zevenhoven-Dobbe J, Wills N, Go Y, Balasuriya U, Atkins J . Discovery of a small arterivirus gene that overlaps the GP5 coding sequence and is important for virus production. J Gen Virol. 2011; 92(Pt 5):1097-1106. PMC: 3139419. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.029264-0. View

Kim S, Moon S, Jeong C, Park G, Park J, Jeoung H . Whole-genome sequencing and genetic characteristics of representative porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in Korea. Virol J. 2022; 19(1):66. PMC: 8996673. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01790-6. View

Ropp S, Wees C, Fang Y, Nelson E, Rossow K, Bien M . Characterization of emerging European-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates in the United States. J Virol. 2004; 78(7):3684-703. PMC: 371078. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3684-3703.2004. View

Franzo G, Cecchinato M, Martini M, Ceglie L, Gigli A, Drigo M . Observation of high recombination occurrence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in field condition. Virus Res. 2014; 194:159-66. PMC: 7127771. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.005. View

Zhou P, Yang X, Wang X, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W . A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579(7798):270-273. PMC: 7095418. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. View

Wensvoort G, Terpstra C, Pol J, ter Laak E, Bloemraad M, de Kluyver E . Mystery swine disease in The Netherlands: the isolation of Lelystad virus. Vet Q. 1991; 13(3):121-30. DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1991.9694296. View

Pamornchainavakul N, Kikuti M, Paploski I, Makau D, Rovira A, Corzo C . Measuring How Recombination Re-shapes the Evolutionary History of PRRSV-2: A Genome-Based Phylodynamic Analysis of the Emergence of a Novel PRRSV-2 Variant. Front Vet Sci. 2022; 9:846904. PMC: 8990846. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.846904. View

Renson P, Touzain F, Lebret A, Le Dimna M, Quenault H, Normand V . Complete Genome Sequence of a Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain from Two Genotype 1 Modified Live Virus Vaccine Strains. Genome Announc. 2017; 5(22). PMC: 5454209. DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00454-17. View

Dortmans J, Buter G, Dijkman R, Houben M, Duinhof T . Molecular characterization of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) isolated in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2016. PLoS One. 2019; 14(6):e0218481. PMC: 6597066. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218481. View

10.

Zhao K, Gao J, Xiong J, Guo J, Yang Y, Jiang C . Two Residues in NSP9 Contribute to the Enhanced Replication and Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Virol. 2018; 92(7). PMC: 5972891. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02209-17. View

11.

Shi M, Lam T, Hon C, Hui R, Faaberg K, Wennblom T . Molecular epidemiology of PRRSV: a phylogenetic perspective. Virus Res. 2010; 154(1-2):7-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.014. View

12.

Kuhn J, Lauck M, Bailey A, Shchetinin A, Vishnevskaya T, Bao Y . Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae. Arch Virol. 2015; 161(3):755-68. PMC: 5573231. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2672-z. View

13.

Zhao K, Ye C, Chang X, Jiang C, Wang S, Cai X . Importation and Recombination Are Responsible for the Latest Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China. J Virol. 2015; 89(20):10712-6. PMC: 4580157. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01446-15. View

14.

Wang H, Cui X, Cai X, An T . Recombination in Positive-Strand RNA Viruses. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13:870759. PMC: 9158499. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870759. View

15.

Fan B, Wang H, Bai J, Zhang L, Jiang P . A novel isolate with deletion in GP3 gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from mid-eastern China. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014:306130. PMC: 3944904. DOI: 10.1155/2014/306130. View

16.

Wei C, Dai A, Fan J, Li Y, Chen A, Zhou X . Efficacy of Type 2 PRRSV vaccine against challenge with the Chinese lineage 1 (NADC30-like) PRRSVs in pigs. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):10781. PMC: 6658503. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47239-9. View

17.

Chen N, Cao Z, Yu X, Deng X, Zhao T, Wang L . Emergence of novel European genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mainland China. J Gen Virol. 2011; 92(Pt 4):880-92. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027995-0. View

18.

An T, Tian Z, Xiao Y, Li R, Peng J, Wei T . Origin of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010; 16(2):365-7. PMC: 2957991. DOI: 10.3201/eid1602.090005. View

19.

Liu J, Zhou X, Zhai J, Wei C, Dai A, Yang X . Recombination in JXA1-R vaccine and NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. Vet Microbiol. 2017; 204:110-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.017. View

20.

Wang C, Horby P, Hayden F, Gao G . A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):470-473. PMC: 7135038. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9. View