Prevalence of Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever Spp. in Vectors, Animals, and Humans Within a One Health Approach in Mediterranean Countries

The genus has been divided into spp., which can cause Lyme Disease (LD), and spp., which can cause Relapsing Fever (RF). The distribution of genus has broadened due to factors such as climate change, alterations in land use, and enhanced human and animal mobility. Consequently, there is an increasing necessity for a One Health strategy to identify the key components in the transmission cycle by monitoring the human-animal-environment interactions. The aim of this study is to summarize all accessible data to increase our understanding and provide a comprehensive overview of distribution in the Mediterranean region. Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google were searched to determine the presence of and spp. in vectors, animals, and humans in countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 3026 were identified and screened and after exclusion of papers that did not fulfill the including criteria, 429 were used. After examination of the available literature, it was revealed that various species associated with LD and RF are prevalent in vectors, animals, and humans in Mediterranean countries and should be monitored in order to effectively manage and prevent potential infections.