Chemical Composition, Nutritional, and Biological Properties of Extracts Obtained with Different Techniques from Berries

This study investigates the chemical composition, nutritional, and biological properties of extracts obtained from berries using different extraction methods and solvents. Hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with CO allowed us to isolate fruit essential oil (HD) and fixed oil (SFE), respectively. A phenol-enriched extract was obtained using a mild ultrasound-assisted maceration with methanol (UAM). The HD most abundant component, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was italicene epoxide (17.2%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (12.4%), khusinol (10.5%), limonene (9.7%), dodecanoic acid (9.7%), and (E)-anethole (6.1%). Linoleic (348.9 mg/g of extract, 70.5%), oleic (88.9 mg/g, 17.9%), and palmitic (40.8 mg/g, 8.2%) acids, followed by α-linolenic and stearic acids, were the main fatty acids in SFE determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD). HPLC-DAD analyses of SFE identified β-carotene as the main carotenoid (1.7 mg/g), while HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLU) evidenced α-tocopherol (1.2 mg/g) as the most abundant tocopherol isoform in SFE. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of UAM showed the presence of quercetin-sulfate (15.6%, major component), malvidin 3--(6--p-coumaroyl) glucoside-4-vinylphenol adduct (pigment B) (9.3%), di-caffeoyl coumaroyl spermidine (7.6%), methyl-epigallocatechin (5.68%), and phloretin (4.1%), while flavonoids (70.5%) and phenolic acids (23.9%) emerged as the most abundant polyphenol classes. UAM exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative degradation at 140 °C from 75 μg of extract, showing 50% protection at 30.6 μg (IA). Furthermore, UAM significantly reduced viability (31-48%) in A375 melanoma cells in the range of 500-2000 μg/mL after 96 h of incubation (MTT assay), with a low toxic effect in normal HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this research extend the knowledge of the nutritional and biological properties of berries, providing useful information on specific extracts for potential food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.