The Relationship Between Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A scoping Review of Observational Studies

Overview

Journal Neuropsychiatr

Specialties Neurology
Psychiatry

Date 2024 Jun 4

PMID 38833151

Authors

Yi-Chun Liu

Yin-To Liao

Kuan-Han Lin

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: Both schizophrenia and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are known as immune-related disorders. We systematically reviewed observational studies to explore the relationship between schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and T1D.

Methods: A preliminary search of articles was completed using the following databases: Airiti Library, CINAHL Complete (via EBSCOhost), OVID MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed. Two researchers independently assessed each study's quality based on Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). A narrative review summarized the potential relationship between the two diseases.

Results: Eleven studies were included in the final analysis. Six observational studies investigated the risk of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in patients with T1D. Two studies showed negative correlations, one showed no correlation, and three showed positive correlations. On the other hand, five studies reported the prevalence of T1D in patients with schizophrenia. Two of them showed positive associations, and three others showed no association. Although the majority of the included studies suggested a positive association between the two medical conditions, these studies were still too heterogeneous to draw consistent results.

Conclusion: We found conflicting results regarding the bidirectional relationship between schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and T1D. These may stem from differences in study design, sampling methods, or definition of diagnoses, which are essential aspects to consider in future research.

References

Karlsgodt K, Sun D, Cannon T . Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2014; 19(4):226-231. PMC: 4235761. DOI: 10.1177/0963721410377601. View

Evans J, Heaton R, Paulsen J, McAdams L, Heaton S, Jeste D . Schizoaffective disorder: a form of schizophrenia or affective disorder?. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000; 60(12):874-82. View

Harvey P, Heaton R, Carpenter Jr W, Green M, Gold J, Schoenbaum M . Functional impairment in people with schizophrenia: focus on employability and eligibility for disability compensation. Schizophr Res. 2012; 140(1-3):1-8. PMC: 3399960. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.025. View

Cotton S, Lambert M, Schimmelmann B, Mackinnon A, Gleeson J, Berk M . Differences between first episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res. 2013; 147(1):169-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.036. View

Amann B, Canales-Rodriguez E, Madre M, Radua J, Monte G, Alonso-Lana S . Brain structural changes in schizoaffective disorder compared to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015; 133(1):23-33. PMC: 5029760. DOI: 10.1111/acps.12440. View

Ivleva E, Bidesi A, Keshavan M, Pearlson G, Meda S, Dodig D . Gray matter volume as an intermediate phenotype for psychosis: Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP). Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170(11):1285-96. PMC: 6487663. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010126. View

Walther S, Lefebvre S, Conring F, Gangl N, Nadesalingam N, Alexaki D . Limbic links to paranoia: increased resting-state functional connectivity between amygdala, hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex in schizophrenia patients with paranoia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021; 272(6):1021-1032. PMC: 9388427. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01337-w. View

Nawaz R, Gul S, Amin R, Huma T, Al Mughairbi F . Overview of schizophrenia research and treatment in Pakistan. Heliyon. 2020; 6(11):e05545. PMC: 7695967. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05545. View

Wildgust H, Hodgson R, Beary M . The paradox of premature mortality in schizophrenia: new research questions. J Psychopharmacol. 2010; 24(4 Suppl):9-15. PMC: 2951588. DOI: 10.1177/1359786810382149. View

10.

Wildgust H, Beary M . Are there modifiable risk factors which will reduce the excess mortality in schizophrenia?. J Psychopharmacol. 2010; 24(4 Suppl):37-50. PMC: 2951590. DOI: 10.1177/1359786810384639. View

11.

van Mierlo H, Schot A, Boks M, de Witte L . The association between schizophrenia and the immune system: Review of the evidence from unbiased 'omic-studies'. Schizophr Res. 2019; 217:114-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.028. View

12.

Dietert R . Role of developmental immunotoxicity and immune dysfunction in chronic disease and cancer. Reprod Toxicol. 2010; 31(3):319-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.006. View

13.

Ezeoke A, Mellor A, Buckley P, Miller B . A systematic, quantitative review of blood autoantibodies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013; 150(1):245-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.029. View

14.

Tiosano S, Farhi A, Watad A, Grysman N, Stryjer R, Amital H . Schizophrenia among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: population-based cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2016; 26(4):424-429. PMC: 6998678. DOI: 10.1017/S2045796016000561. View

15.

Oken R, Schulzer M . At issue: schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: the negative association revisited. Schizophr Bull. 2000; 25(4):625-38. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033407. View

16.

Juvonen H, Reunanen A, Haukka J, Muhonen M, Suvisaari J, Arajarvi R . Incidence of schizophrenia in a nationwide cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007; 64(8):894-9. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.894. View

17.

Cullen A, Holmes S, Pollak T, Blackman G, Joyce D, Kempton M . Associations Between Non-neurological Autoimmune Disorders and Psychosis: A Meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2018; 85(1):35-48. PMC: 6269125. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.06.016. View

18.

Eaton W, Hayward C, Ram R . Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Schizophr Res. 1992; 6(3):181-92. DOI: 10.1016/0920-9964(92)90001-l. View

19.

Vinogradov S, Gottesman I, Moises H, Nicol S . Negative association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Schizophr Bull. 1991; 17(4):669-78. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/17.4.669. View

20.

Bending D, Zaccone P, Cooke A . Inflammation and type one diabetes. Int Immunol. 2012; 24(6):339-46. DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs049. View