Stemness and Cell Cycle Regulators and Their Modulation by Retinoic Acid in Ewing Sarcoma

Overview

Journal Curr Issues Mol Biol

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Molecular Biology

Date 2024 May 24

PMID 38785514

Authors

Maria Eduarda Battistella

Natalia Hogetop Freire

Bruno Toson

Matheus Dalmolin

Marcelo A C Fernandes

Isadora D Tassinari

Mariane Jaeger

Andre T Brunetto

Algemir L Brunetto

Lauro Gregianin

Caroline Brunetto de Farias

Rafael Roesler

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Retinoic acid (RA) regulates stemness and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a pediatric tumor that may arise from the abnormal development of ESCs. Here we show that RA impairs the viability of SK-ES-1 ES cells and affects the cell cycle. Cells treated with RA showed increased levels of p21 and its encoding gene, . RA reduced mRNA and protein levels of SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) as well as mRNA levels of beta III Tubulin (), whereas the levels of increased. Exposure to RA reduced the capability of SK-ES-1 to form tumorspheres with high expression of SOX2 and Nestin. Gene expression of and was reduced in ES tumors compared to non-tumoral tissue, whereas transcript levels of were significantly higher in tumors. For and , differences between tumors and control tissue did not reach statistical significance. Low expression of and , and high expression of , were significantly associated with a poorer patient prognosis indicated by shorter overall survival (OS). Our results indicate that RA may display rather complex modulatory effects on multiple target genes associated with the maintenance of stem cell's features versus their differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and patient prognosis in ES.

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