Antifungal Mechanism of Cell-free Supernatant Produced by and Its Efficacy for the Control of Pear Valsa Canker

Overview

Journal Front Microbiol

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2024 May 2

PMID 38694806

Authors

Yang Zhang

Ying Lu

Zhaoyang Jin

Bo Li

Li Wu

Yujian He

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Introduction: Pear Valsa canker, caused by (), poses a major threat to pear production. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) produced by () to control the development of pear Valsa canker and reveal the inhibitory mechanism against the pathogenic fungi.

Results: Using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the pathogen G1H was identified as , and the biocontrol fungus WJ561 was identified as . CFS derived from WJ561 exhibited strong inhibition of mycelial growth and was capable of reducing the pathogenicity of on pear leaves and twigs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed deformations and shrinkages in the fungal hyphae treated with CFS. The CFS also destroyed the hyphal membranes leading to the leakage of cellular contents and an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, CFS significantly inhibited the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and downregulated the expression of antioxidant defense-related genes in , causing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Artesunate, identified as the main component in CFS by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), exhibited antifungal activity against .

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the promising potential of and its CFS in controlling pear Valsa canker. The primary inhibitory mechanism of CFS involves multiple processes, including membrane damage and negatively affecting enzymatic detoxification pathways, consequently leading to hyphal oxidative damage of . This study lays a theoretical foundation for the utilization of to control in practical production.

Citing Articles

Scalable preparation of furanosteroidal viridin, β-viridin and viridiol from Trichoderma virens.

Zhang W, Sunami K, Liu S, Triana D, Tachrim Z, Kikuchi R Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1):3110.

PMID: 39856167 PMC: 11760887. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87070-z.

References

Chaverri P, Castlebury L, Samuels G, Geiser D . Multilocus phylogenetic structure within the Trichoderma harzianum/Hypocrea lixii complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2003; 27(2):302-13. DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00400-1. View

Yuan H, Shi B, Wang Z, Qin G, Hou H, Tu H . Exploration of the Biocontrol Activity of Strain HF1 against Pear Valsa Canker Caused by . Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(20). PMC: 10607598. DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015477. View

Chen C, Li B, Dong X, Wang C, Lian S, Liang W . Effects of Temperature, Humidity, and Wound Age on Valsa mali Infection of Apple Shoot Pruning Wounds. Plant Dis. 2019; 100(12):2394-2401. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0625-RE. View

Zhao H, Liu K, Fan Y, Cao J, Li H, Song W . Cell-free supernatant of suppresses mycelial growth and reduces virulence of by inducing oxidative stress. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13:980022. PMC: 9389153. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980022. View

Huang H, Chen Y, Yin N, Li G, Ye S, Guo L . Unsaturated Fatty Acid Liposomes Selectively Regulate Glutathione Peroxidase 4 to Exacerbate Lipid Peroxidation as an Adaptable Liposome Platform for Anti-Tumor Therapy. Mol Pharm. 2022; 20(1):290-302. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00642. View

Busato J, Ferrari L, Chagas Junior A, da Silva D, Dos Santos Pereira T, de Paula A . Trichoderma strains accelerate maturation and increase available phosphorus during vermicomposting enriched with rock phosphate. J Appl Microbiol. 2020; 130(4):1208-1216. DOI: 10.1111/jam.14847. View

Wang J, Yang C, Hu X, Yao X, Han L, Wu X . Lauric Acid Induces Apoptosis of Rice Sheath Blight Disease Caused by by Affecting Fungal Fatty Acid Metabolism and Destroying the Dynamic Equilibrium of Reactive Oxygen Species. J Fungi (Basel). 2022; 8(2). PMC: 8875428. DOI: 10.3390/jof8020153. View

Glass N, Donaldson G . Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995; 61(4):1323-30. PMC: 167388. DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.4.1323-1330.1995. View

Song X, Han M, He F, Wang S, Li C, Wu G . Antifungal Mechanism of Dipicolinic Acid and Its Efficacy for the Biocontrol of Pear Valsa Canker. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11:958. PMC: 7251846. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00958. View

10.

Djonovic S, Pozo M, Dangott L, Howell C, Kenerley C . Sm1, a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens induces plant defense responses and systemic resistance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2006; 19(8):838-53. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-19-0838. View

11.

Li Z, Gao X, Huang L, Fan D, Yan X, Kang Z . Saccharothrix yanglingensis Strain Hhs.015 Is a Promising Biocontrol Agent on Apple Valsa Canker. Plant Dis. 2019; 100(2):510-514. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-02-15-0190-RE. View

12.

Dutta P, Mahanta M, Singh S, Thakuria D, Deb L, Kumari A . Molecular interaction between plants and species against soil-borne plant pathogens. Front Plant Sci. 2023; 14:1145715. PMC: 10225716. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145715. View

13.

Zhang X, Li B, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Tian S . Antagonistic Yeasts: A Promising Alternative to Chemical Fungicides for Controlling Postharvest Decay of Fruit. J Fungi (Basel). 2020; 6(3). PMC: 7558569. DOI: 10.3390/jof6030158. View

14.

Moo-Koh F, Cristobal-Alejo J, Andres M, Martin J, Reyes F, Tun-Suarez J . In Vitro Assessment of Organic and Residual Fractions of Nematicidal Culture Filtrates from Thirteen Tropical Strains and Metabolic Profiles of Most-Active. J Fungi (Basel). 2022; 8(1). PMC: 8779102. DOI: 10.3390/jof8010082. View

15.

Triastuti A, Haddad M, Barakat F, Mejia K, Rabouille G, Fabre N . Dynamics of Chemical Diversity during Co-Cultures: An Integrative Time-Scale Metabolomics Study of Fungal Endophytes Cophinforma mamane and Fusarium solani. Chem Biodivers. 2020; 18(2):e2000672. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000672. View

16.

Gan L, Yin Y, Niu Q, Yan X, Yin S . New Insights into the Mechanism of -Induced Developmental Effects on Disease Resistance against Dollar Spot Infection. J Fungi (Basel). 2022; 8(11). PMC: 9694513. DOI: 10.3390/jof8111186. View

17.

Zhang S, Xu B, Zhang J, Gan Y . Identification of the antifungal activity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 and assessment of bioactive substances in controlling phytopathgens. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2018; 147:59-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.006. View

18.

Wang G, Zeng H . Antibacterial Effect of Cell-Free Supernatant from L-36 against from Bovine Mastitis. Molecules. 2022; 27(21). PMC: 9658419. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217627. View

19.

Zaid R, Koren R, Kligun E, Gupta R, Leibman-Markus M, Mukherjee P . Gliotoxin, an Immunosuppressive Fungal Metabolite, Primes Plant Immunity: Evidence from -Tomato Interaction. mBio. 2022; 13(4):e0038922. PMC: 9426506. DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00389-22. View

20.

Yin Z, Liu H, Li Z, Ke X, Dou D, Gao X . Genome sequence of Valsa canker pathogens uncovers a potential adaptation of colonization of woody bark. New Phytol. 2015; 208(4):1202-16. DOI: 10.1111/nph.13544. View