The Depth of the Molecular Response in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Correlates with Changes in Humoral Immunity

: The effective treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia leads to the restoration of proper immune system function. We aimed to investigate fluctuations in circulating cytokines, angiogenic factors and complement components in patients with CML during the first year of treatment with TKI and correlate them with the degree of achieved molecular response. : We recruited 31 patients with newly diagnosed CML. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were obtained, and concentrations of serum proteins were measured using an immunology multiplex assay. : The study cohort was divided into two groups of optimal or non-optimal in accordance with the European Leukemia Net (ELN) guidelines. We found significantly higher concentrations of C1q, C4 and C5a in serum after 3 months of TKI treatment in patients who achieved optimal responses in the 6 months after diagnosis. The most alterations were observed during 12 months of therapy. Patients in the optimal response group were characterized by higher serum concentrations of TGF-β, EGF, VEGF, Angiopoietin 1, IFN-γ and IL-8. : The later plasma concentrations of complement components were significantly increased in patients with optimal responses. The changes after 12 months of treatment were particularly significant. Similar changes in bone marrow samples were observed.