Co-occurring Indicator Pathogens for SARS-CoV-2: A Review with Emphasis on Exposure Rates and Treatment Technologies

Overview

Journal Case Stud Chem Environ Eng

Date 2024 Apr 15

PMID 38620839

Authors

Afzal Husain Khan

Ahmed Abutaleb

Nadeem A Khan

Alaa El Din Mahmoud

Anwar Khursheed

Manish Kumar

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Scientific advancements from 2002 to 2020 for coronaviruses, i.e., SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks, could lead towards a better understanding of the exposure to a health crisis. However, data on its transmission routes and persistence in the environment is still in need of the hour. In this review, we discuss the impact of environmental matrices on dealing with the consequences of the global COVID-19 outbreak. We have compiled the most recent data on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the diseases. The review aims to help researchers and the larger public recognize and deal with the consequences of co-occurring viral indicators for COVID-19 and provide nano-technological perspectives of possible diagnostic and treatment tools for further studies. The review highlights environmental wastes such as hospital wastewater effluents, pathogen-laden waste, pathogen-laden ground/surface water, wastewater sludge residues and discusses their potential remediation technologies, i.e., pathogen-contaminated soil disposal, municipal and medical solid waste collection, recycling, and final disposal. Finally, holistic suggestions to tackle environmental-related issues by the scientific community have been provided, where scientists, consultants may involve in a tiered assessment from the hazard to risk management in the post-COVID-19 world.

Citing Articles

Assessment of toxicity and antimicrobial performance of polymeric inorganic coagulant and evaluation for eutrophication reduction.

Youssef M, El-Tanany S, Moatasim Y, Moniem S, Hemdan B, Ammar N Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1):3391.

PMID: 38336908 PMC: 10858282. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53714-9.

Reuse of poor-quality water for sustainable crop production in the changing scenario of climate.

Dotaniya M, Meena V, Saha J, Dotaniya C, Mahmoud A, Meena B Environ Dev Sustain. 2022; :1-32.

PMID: 35645606 PMC: 9128324. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02365-9.

Study of climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan.

Hamdan M, Dabbour L, Abdelhafez E Environ Earth Sci. 2022; 81(8):228.

PMID: 35401846 PMC: 8978761. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-022-10348-2.

Wastewater aerosols produced during flushing toilets, WWTPs, and irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater as indirect exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

Haji Ali B, Shahin M, Masoumi Sangani M, Faghihinezhad M, Baghdadi M J Environ Chem Eng. 2021; 9(5):106201.

PMID: 34405082 PMC: 8361049. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106201.

References

Zhang C, Zheng W, Huang X, Bell E, Zhou X, Zhang Y . Protein Structure and Sequence Reanalysis of 2019-nCoV Genome Refutes Snakes as Its Intermediate Host and the Unique Similarity between Its Spike Protein Insertions and HIV-1. J Proteome Res. 2020; 19(4):1351-1360. PMC: 7099673. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00129. View

Buonerba A, Corpuz M, Ballesteros F, Choo K, Hasan S, Korshin G . Coronavirus in water media: Analysis, fate, disinfection and epidemiological applications. J Hazard Mater. 2021; 415:125580. PMC: 7932854. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125580. View

Haramoto E, Kitajima M, Hata A, Torrey J, Masago Y, Sano D . A review on recent progress in the detection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water. Water Res. 2018; 135:168-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.004. View

Farkas K, Walker D, Adriaenssens E, McDonald J, Hillary L, Malham S . Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment. Water Res. 2020; 181():115926. PMC: 7211501. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115926. View

Kumar M, Patel A, Shah A, Raval J, Rajpara N, Joshi M . First proof of the capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 in India through detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 746:141326. PMC: 7386605. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141326. View

Mishra A, Bruno E, Zilberman D . Compound natural and human disasters: Managing drought and COVID-19 to sustain global agriculture and food sectors. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 754:142210. PMC: 7473007. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142210. View

SanJuan-Reyes S, Gomez-Olivan L, Islas-Flores H . COVID-19 in the environment. Chemosphere. 2020; 263:127973. PMC: 7426221. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127973. View

Bilal M, Nazir M, Rasheed T, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal H . Water matrices as potential source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission - An overview from environmental perspective. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng. 2024; 2:100023. PMC: 7347329. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100023. View

Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J, Bibby K, Bivins A, OBrien J . First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 728:138764. PMC: 7165106. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764. View

10.

Foladori P, Cutrupi F, Segata N, Manara S, Pinto F, Malpei F . SARS-CoV-2 from faeces to wastewater treatment: What do we know? A review. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 743:140444. PMC: 7311891. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140444. View

11.

Hokajarvi A, Rytkonen A, Tiwari A, Kauppinen A, Oikarinen S, Lehto K . The detection and stability of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA biomarkers in wastewater influent in Helsinki, Finland. Sci Total Environ. 2021; 770:145274. PMC: 7825999. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145274. View

12.

Cashdollar J, Wymer L . Methods for primary concentration of viruses from water samples: a review and meta-analysis of recent studies. J Appl Microbiol. 2013; 115(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1111/jam.12143. View

13.

Garcia-Avila F, Valdiviezo-Gonzales L, Cadme-Galabay M, Gutierrez-Ortega H, Altamirano-Cardenas L, Arevalo C . Considerations on water quality and the use of chlorine in times of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in the community. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng. 2024; 2:100049. PMC: 7556225. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100049. View

14.

Wang X, Li J, Jin M, Zhen B, Kong Q, Song N . Study on the resistance of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. J Virol Methods. 2005; 126(1-2):171-7. PMC: 7112909. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.005. View

15.

Tang B, Bragazzi N, Li Q, Tang S, Xiao Y, Wu J . An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov). Infect Dis Model. 2020; 5:248-255. PMC: 7029158. DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.02.001. View

16.

Carraturo F, Del Giudice C, Morelli M, Cerullo V, Libralato G, Galdiero E . Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and COVID-19 transmission risk from environmental matrices and surfaces. Environ Pollut. 2020; 265(Pt B):115010. PMC: 7280109. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115010. View

17.

Mahmoud A . Graphene-based nanomaterials for the removal of organic pollutants: Insights into linear versus nonlinear mathematical models. J Environ Manage. 2020; 270:110911. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110911. View

18.

Westhaus S, Weber F, Schiwy S, Linnemann V, Brinkmann M, Widera M . Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw and treated wastewater in Germany - Suitability for COVID-19 surveillance and potential transmission risks. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 751:141750. PMC: 7434407. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141750. View

19.

McMinn B, Ashbolt N, Korajkic A . Bacteriophages as indicators of faecal pollution and enteric virus removal. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2017; 65(1):11-26. PMC: 6089083. DOI: 10.1111/lam.12736. View

20.

Ahmed W, Bertsch P, Bivins A, Bibby K, Farkas K, Gathercole A . Comparison of virus concentration methods for the RT-qPCR-based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from untreated wastewater. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 739:139960. PMC: 7273154. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139960. View