Evaluation of Sensitivity and Specificity of Kato-Katz and Circulating Cathodic Antigen in Terms of Schistosoma Japonicum Using Latent Class Analysis

Overview

Journal Sci Rep

Specialty Science

Date 2024 Apr 8

PMID 38589377

Authors

Mugyeom Moon

Hannah W Wu

Mario Jiz

Stephanie Maldonado

Jonathan D Kurtis

Jennifer F Friedman

Blanca Jarilla

Sangshin Park

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Schistosoma japonicum is endemic in the Philippines. The Kato-Katz (KK) method was used to diagnose S. japonicum. This is impractical, particularly when the sample size is limited. Knowledge on point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test performance for S. japonicum is limited. Determining the sensitivity and specificity of new diagnostics is difficult when the gold standard test is less effective or absent. Latent class analysis (LCA) can address some limitations. A total of 484 children and 572 adults from the Philippines were screened for S. japonicum. We performed Bayesian LCA to estimate the infection prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of each test by stratifying them into two age groups. Observed prevalence assessed by KK was 50.2% and 31.8%, and by CCA was 89.9% and 66.8%, respectively. Using Bayesian LCA, among children, the sensitivity and specificity of CCA were 94.8% (88.7-99.4) and 21.5% (10.5-36.1) while those of KK were 66.0% (54.2-83.3) and 78.1% (61.1-91.3). Among adults, the sensitivity and specificity of CCA were 86.4% (76.6-96.9) and 62.8% (49.1-81.1) while those of KK were 43.6% (35.1-53.9) and 85.5% (75.8-94.6). Overall, CCA was more sensitive than KK, regardless of the age group at diagnosis, as KK was more specific. KK and CCA have different diagnostic performance, which should inform their use in the planning and implementation of S. japonicum control programs.

References

Hinz R, Schwarz N, Hahn A, Frickmann H . Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis - A review. Mol Cell Probes. 2016; 31:2-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.12.003. View

Conteh L, Engels T, Molyneux D . Socioeconomic aspects of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet. 2010; 375(9710):239-47. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61422-7. View

Homsana A, Odermatt P, Southisavath P, Yajima A, Sayasone S . Cross-reaction of POC-CCA urine test for detection of Schistosoma mekongi in Lao PDR: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020; 9(1):114. PMC: 7424653. DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00733-z. View

Graeff-Teixeira C, Favero V, Pascoal V, de Souza R, Rigo F, Agnese L . Low specificity of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POCCCA) diagnostic test in a non-endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil. Acta Trop. 2021; 217:105863. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105863. View

Omedo M, Matey E, Awiti A, Ogutu M, Alaii J, Karanja D . Community health workers' experiences and perspectives on mass drug administration for schistosomiasis control in western Kenya: the SCORE Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 87(6):1065-72. PMC: 3516076. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0435. View

Dendukuri N, Joseph L . Bayesian approaches to modeling the conditional dependence between multiple diagnostic tests. Biometrics. 2001; 57(1):158-67. DOI: 10.1111/j.0006-341x.2001.00158.x. View

Gardner I, Stryhn H, Lind P, Collins M . Conditional dependence between tests affects the diagnosis and surveillance of animal diseases. Prev Vet Med. 2000; 45(1-2):107-22. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00119-7. View

Rahman M, Sassa M, Parvin N, Islam M, Yajima A, Ota E . Diagnostic test accuracy for detecting Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15(3):e0009244. PMC: 7968889. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009244. View

Ferrer E, Villegas B, Mughini-Gras L, Hernandez D, Jimenez V, Catalano E . Diagnostic performance of parasitological, immunological and molecular tests for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a community of low transmission in Venezuela. Acta Trop. 2020; 204:105360. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105360. View

10.

Mott K, Cline B . Advances in epidemiology survey methodology and techniques in schistosomiasis. Bull World Health Organ. 1980; 58(4):639-47. PMC: 2395931. View

11.

Lindholz C, Favero V, De Marco Verissimo C, Candido R, de Souza R, Dos Santos R . Study of diagnostic accuracy of Helmintex, Kato-Katz, and POC-CCA methods for diagnosing intestinal schistosomiasis in Candeal, a low intensity transmission area in northeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018; 12(3):e0006274. PMC: 5843168. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006274. View

12.

Ruberanziza E, Wittmann U, Mbituyumuremyi A, Mutabazi A, Campbell C, Colley D . Nationwide Remapping of Infection in Rwanda Using Circulating Cathodic Antigen Rapid Test: Taking Steps toward Elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020; 103(1):315-324. PMC: 7356434. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0866. View

13.

Clements M, Corstjens P, Binder S, Campbell Jr C, de Dood C, Fenwick A . Latent class analysis to evaluate performance of point-of-care CCA for low-intensity Schistosoma mansoni infections in Burundi. Parasit Vectors. 2018; 11(1):111. PMC: 5824563. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2700-4. View

14.

Ferreira F, Fidelis T, Pereira T, Otoni A, Queiroz L, Amancio F . Sensitivity and specificity of the circulating cathodic antigen rapid urine test in the diagnosis of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection and evaluation of morbidity in a low- endemic area in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2017; 50(3):358-364. DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0423-2016. View

15.

Al-Shehri H, Koukounari A, Stanton M, Adriko M, Arinaitwe M, Atuhaire A . Surveillance of intestinal schistosomiasis during control: a comparison of four diagnostic tests across five Ugandan primary schools in the Lake Albert region. Parasitology. 2018; 145(13):1715-1722. PMC: 6533640. DOI: 10.1017/S003118201800029X. View

16.

Diab R, Tolba M, Ghazala R, Abu-Sheasha G, Webster B, Mady R . Intestinal schistosomiasis: Can a urine sample decide the infection?. Parasitol Int. 2020; 80:102201. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102201. View

17.

Clements M, Donnelly C, Fenwick A, Kabatereine N, Knowles S, Meite A . Interpreting ambiguous 'trace' results in Schistosoma mansoni CCA Tests: Estimating sensitivity and specificity of ambiguous results with no gold standard. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017; 11(12):e0006102. PMC: 5738141. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006102. View

18.

Leonardo L, Rivera P, Saniel O, Solon J, Chigusa Y, Villacorte E . New endemic foci of schistosomiasis infections in the Philippines. Acta Trop. 2013; 141(Pt B):354-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.03.015. View

19.

Colley D, Binder S, Campbell C, King C, Tchuente L, NGoran E . A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013; 88(3):426-432. PMC: 3592520. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0639. View

20.

Astale T, Sata E, Zerihun M, Nute A, Stewart A, Gessese D . Population-based coverage survey results following the mass drug administration of azithromycin for the treatment of trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018; 12(2):e0006270. PMC: 5833287. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006270. View