Evaluation of Cutoff Point Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Prostate Specific Antigen Density (PSAD) in Patients with Suspected Prostate Cancer

Overview

Journal Med Arch

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2024 Mar 14

PMID 38481588

Authors

Besut Daryanto

Rizal Trianto

Kurnia Penta Seputra

Athaya Febriantyo Purnomo

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. There is no national standard for PSA cut-off levels even through the transrectal prostate biopsy procedure causes many serious complications such as bleeding, infection, and sepsis. Therefore, determining cut-off levels for PSA and PSAD is essential to avoid unnecessary biopsies.

Objective: This study aims to determine the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Prostate Specific Antigen Density (PSAD) cut-off points in patients with suspected prostate cancer.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January 2018 until March 2021 in Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang Indonesia. Inclusion criterias were patients with suspected prostate cancer; > 50 years old; underwent PSA, PSAD, and prostate biopsy. Exclusion criterias were patients refuse to participate in the study and incomplete patient medical record data. Medical records from 53 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact, and Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results And Discussion: Medical records conducted 53 patients who met inclusion criteria and underwent transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy were reviewed. PSA cut off level for prostate biopsy was 19.71 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 69.23% and a specificity of 72.5%. The positive predictive value is 45% and the negative predictive value is 87.87%. PSAD cut off level for prostate biopsy was 0.4113 with a sensitivity of 61.54% and a specificity of 63.16%. The positive predictive value is 36.36% and the negative predictive value is 82.76%.

Conclusion: Results from this study, the cut off levels of PSA and PSAD in prostate disease patients is higher than the recommended cut off; prostate cancer is the largest malignancy in men worldwide and has a higher incidence in the older age and high serum PSA levels group.

References

Plata Bello A, Concepcion Masip T . Prostate cancer epidemiology. Arch Esp Urol. 2014; 67(5):373-82. View

Aminsharifi A, Howard L, Wu Y, de Hoedt A, Bailey C, Freedland S . Prostate Specific Antigen Density as a Predictor of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer When the Prostate Specific Antigen is in the Diagnostic Gray Zone: Defining the Optimum Cutoff Point Stratified by Race and Body Mass Index. J Urol. 2018; 200(4):758-766. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.016. View

Rawla P . Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. World J Oncol. 2019; 10(2):63-89. PMC: 6497009. DOI: 10.14740/wjon1191. View

Haas G, Delongchamps N, Brawley O, Wang C, de la Roza G . The worldwide epidemiology of prostate cancer: perspectives from autopsy studies. Can J Urol. 2008; 15(1):3866-71. PMC: 2706483. View

Siegel R, Miller K, Jemal A . Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020; 70(1):7-30. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21590. View

Kimura T, Egawa S . Epidemiology of prostate cancer in Asian countries. Int J Urol. 2018; 25(6):524-531. DOI: 10.1111/iju.13593. View

Catalona W, Smith D, Ratliff T, Dodds K, Coplen D, Yuan J . Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324(17):1156-61. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199104253241702. View

Dvoracek J . [Adenocarcinoma of the prostate]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1998; 137(17):515-21. View

Arif Mochtar C, Atmoko W, Umbas R, Hamid A . Prostate cancer detection rate in Indonesian men. Asian J Surg. 2017; 41(2):163-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2017.01.001. View

10.

Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G . Current Cancer Epidemiology. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2019; 9(4):217-222. PMC: 7310786. DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.191008.001. View

11.

Jemal A, Center M, DeSantis C, Ward E . Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010; 19(8):1893-907. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0437. View

12.

Ang M, Rajcic B, Foreman D, Moretti K, OCallaghan M . Men presenting with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values of over 100 ng/mL. BJU Int. 2016; 117 Suppl 4:68-75. DOI: 10.1111/bju.13411. View

13.

Hsiao C, Tzai T, Chen C, Yang W, Chen C . Analysis of Urinary Prostate-Specific Antigen Glycoforms in Samples of Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. Dis Markers. 2016; 2016:8915809. PMC: 4811082. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8915809. View

14.

Lim K . Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Urol. 2017; 4(3):148-151. PMC: 5717991. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2017.06.004. View