Target Enrichment Sequencing Coupled with GWAS Identifies As a Candidate Gene in the Control of Budbreak in Apple

The timing of floral budbreak in apple has a significant effect on fruit production and quality. Budbreak occurs as a result of a complex molecular mechanism that relies on accurate integration of external environmental cues, principally temperature. In the pursuit of understanding this mechanism, especially with respect to aiding adaptation to climate change, a QTL at the top of linkage group (LG) 9 has been identified by many studies on budbreak, but the genes underlying it remain elusive. Here, together with a dessert apple core collection of 239 cultivars, we used a targeted capture sequencing approach to increase SNP resolution in apple orthologues of known or suspected flowering time-related genes, as well as approximately 200 genes within the LG9 QTL interval. This increased the 275 223 SNP Axiom Apple 480 K array dataset by an additional 40 857 markers. Robust GWAS analyses identified , a peroxidase superfamily gene, as a strong candidate that demonstrated a dormancy-related expression pattern and down-regulation in response to chilling. analyses also predicted the residue change resulting from the SNP allele associated with late budbreak could alter protein conformation and likely function. Late budbreak cultivars homozygous for this SNP allele also showed significantly up-regulated expression of () genes, which are involved in cold tolerance and perception, compared to reference cultivars, such as Gala. Taken together, these results indicate a role for in budbreak, potentially via redox-mediated signaling and gene regulation. Moving forward, this provides a focus for developing our understanding of the effects of temperature on flowering time and how redox processes may influence integration of external cues in dormancy pathways.