Long-term Complications and Outcomes of Augmentation Cystoplasty in Children with Neurogenic Bladder

Augmentation cystoplasty (AC) is an effective surgical procedure for patients with neurogenic bladder whenever conservative treatments have failed. The present study aimed to determine the risks of metabolic complications, malignancy, long-term outcomes and histopathologic changes of native bladder and the augmented intestine after AC in children with neurogenic bladder. Pediatric patients < 18 years who underwent AC between 2000 and 2020 were enrolled. Early postoperative complications, long-term outcomes and histopathologic changes in mucosal biopsies of native bladder and the augmented intestine after AC were reviewed. Twenty-two patients with a mean age of 7.6 ± 4.4 years were included. The ileum was used in 19 patients and the sigmoid colon in 3 patients. The length of hospital stay was 14.8 ± 6.8 days. Post-operatively, the urinary continence rate improved from 22.7 to 81.8% (p < 0.001). Hydronephrosis resolved in 17 of 19 patients. Vesicoureteral reflux resolved in 16 (64.0%) of the refluxing ureter units and was downgraded in 7 (28.0%). Grades of hydronephrosis and reflux significantly improved following AC (p < 0.001). The estimated glomerular filtration rate also significantly increased (p = 0.012). Formation of urinary tract stones was the most frequent late complication (in 8 patients, 36.4%). Life-threatening spontaneous bladder perforation occurred in 1 patient. After a mean follow-up of 13.4 ± 5.9 years, there were no cases of mortality, new-onset symptomatic metabolic acidosis, or changes in serum electrolytes. Of the 17 patients who were followed for > 10 years, no cases of malignancy or metaplastic changes were identified in the native bladder or augmented bowel epithelium. AC is a safe and effective procedure with low surgical and metabolic complication rates. In addition, AC provides a satisfactory continence rate and long-term protection of renal function, increases functional capacity, and regresses reflux and hydronephrosis. Individualized surveillance is recommended for the early identification of urolithiasis and metabolic disturbances.