Mycotoxins Evaluation of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) in Bovine Dairy Farms: An Update

Overview

Journal Heliyon

Specialty Social Sciences

Date 2024 Feb 19

PMID 38370215

Authors

Daniela Martins

Ana Lemos

Joao Silva

Marta Rodrigues

Joao Simoes

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The total mixed ration (TMR) is currently a widespread method to feed dairy cows. It is a mixture of raw fodder and concentrate feed that can be contaminated by several mycotoxins. The main aim of this paper was to provide a critical review on TMR mycotoxin occurrence and its usefulness to monitor and control them on-farm. Aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and fumonisins (regulated mycotoxins) are the most prevalent mycotoxins evaluated in TMR. Nonetheless, several emerging mycotoxins represent a health risk at the animal level regarding their prevalence and level in TMR. Even when measured at low levels, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins is frequent and synergistic effects on animal health are still underevaluated. Similar to the animal feed industry, on-farm plans monitoring mycotoxin feed contamination can be developed as a herd health management program. The estimated daily intake of mycotoxins should be implemented, but thresholds for each mycotoxin are not currently defined in dairy farms.

Citing Articles

Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in the Diet and in the Milk of Dairy Cows from the Southeast Region of Brazil.

Borowsky A, Rosim R, Tonin F, de Oliveira C, Corassin C Toxins (Basel). 2024; 16(11).

PMID: 39591247 PMC: 11598312. DOI: 10.3390/toxins16110492.

References

Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Righi F, Cozzini P, DallAsta C . Assessing the hydrolytic fate of the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside - A warning light for the need to look at the "maskedome". Food Chem Toxicol. 2016; 99:9-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.013. View

Ferrari L, Rizzi N, Grandi E, Clerici E, Tirloni E, Stella S . Compliance between Food and Feed Safety: Eight-Year Survey (2013-2021) of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk and Aflatoxin B1 in Feed in Northern Italy. Toxins (Basel). 2023; 15(3). PMC: 10057617. DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030168. View

Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Vyas D, Adesogan A . Aflatoxin in Dairy Cows: Toxicity, Occurrence in Feedstuffs and Milk and Dietary Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel). 2021; 13(4). PMC: 8074160. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040283. View

Penagos-Tabares F, Khiaosa-Ard R, Schmidt M, Bartl E, Kehrer J, Nagl V . Cocktails of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Diets of Dairy Cows in Austria: Inferences from Diet Composition and Geo-Climatic Factors. Toxins (Basel). 2022; 14(7). PMC: 9318294. DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070493. View

Awapak D, Petchkongkaew A, Sulyok M, Krska R . Co-occurrence and toxicological relevance of secondary metabolites in dairy cow feed from Thailand. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2021; 38(6):1013-1027. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905186. View

Shimshoni J, Cuneah O, Sulyok M, Krska R, Galon N, Sharir B . Mycotoxins in corn and wheat silage in Israel. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2013; 30(9):1614-25. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.802840. View

Martinez-Culebras P, Gandia M, Garrigues S, Marcos J, Manzanares P . Antifungal Peptides and Proteins to Control Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(24). PMC: 8703302. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413261. View

Weaver A, Weaver D, Adams N, Yiannikouris A . Co-Occurrence of 35 Mycotoxins: A Seven-Year Survey of Corn Grain and Corn Silage in the United States. Toxins (Basel). 2021; 13(8). PMC: 8402310. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080516. View

Fumagalli F, Ottoboni M, Pinotti L, Cheli F . Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches. Toxins (Basel). 2021; 13(8). PMC: 8402322. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080572. View

10.

Ferrero F, Tabacco E, Piano S, Casale M, Borreani G . Temperature during conservation in laboratory silos affects fermentation profile and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus hilgardii, and their combination. J Dairy Sci. 2020; 104(2):1696-1713. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18733. View

11.

Sobrova P, Adam V, Vasatkova A, Beklova M, Zeman L, Kizek R . Deoxynivalenol and its toxicity. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2011; 3(3):94-9. PMC: 2984136. DOI: 10.2478/v10102-010-0019-x. View

12.

Borreani G, Tabacco E . The relationship of silage temperature with the microbiological status of the face of corn silage bunkers. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93(6):2620-9. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2919. View

13.

Bai C, Wang C, Sun L, Xu H, Jiang Y, Na N . Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Communities and Metabolites During Aerobic Exposure in Whole-Plant Corn Silages With Two Different Moisture Levels. Front Microbiol. 2021; 12:663895. PMC: 8239417. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663895. View

14.

Ismail Z, Al-Nabulsi F, Abu-Basha E, Hananeh W . Occurrence of on-farm risk factors and health effects of mycotoxins in dairy farms in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020; 52(5):2371-2377. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02166-9. View

15.

Drouin P, Tremblay J, Renaud J, Apper E . Microbiota succession during aerobic stability of maize silage inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM-I-4785. Microbiologyopen. 2020; 10(1):e1153. PMC: 7885010. DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1153. View

16.

Skladanka J, Adam V, Dolezal P, Nedelnik J, Kizek R, Linduskova H . How do grass species, season and ensiling influence mycotoxin content in forage?. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013; 10(11):6084-95. PMC: 3863888. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10116084. View

17.

Gallo A, Giuberti G, Frisvad J, Bertuzzi T, Nielsen K . Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects. Toxins (Basel). 2015; 7(8):3057-111. PMC: 4549740. DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083057. View

18.

Vaiciuliene G, Bakutis B, Jovaisiene J, Falkauskas R, Gerulis G, Kerziene S . Prevalence of Mycotoxins and Endotoxins in Total Mixed Rations and Different Types of Ensiled Forages for Dairy Cows in Lithuania. Toxins (Basel). 2021; 13(12). PMC: 8707214. DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120890. View

19.

Kemboi D, Antonissen G, Ochieng P, Croubels S, Okoth S, Kangethe E . A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toxins (Basel). 2020; 12(4). PMC: 7232242. DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040222. View

20.

Ceniti C, Costanzo N, Spina A, Rodolfi M, Tilocca B, Piras C . Fungal Contamination and Aflatoxin B1 Detected in Hay for Dairy Cows in South Italy. Front Nutr. 2021; 8:704976. PMC: 8491775. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.704976. View