Exploring the Link Between Particulate Matter Pollution and Acute Respiratory Infection Risk in Children Using Generalized Estimating Equations Analysis: a Robust Statistical Approach

Background: India is facing a burdensome public health challenge due to air pollution, with a particularly high burden of acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children. To address this issue, our study aims to evaluate the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) and ARI incidence in young children in India.

Materials And Methods: Our study used PM data provided by the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group at Washington University to assess the association between PM exposure and ARI incidence in 223,375 children sampled from the 2019-2021 Demographic Health Survey in India. We employed the generalized estimating equation and reported odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for a 10 µg/m increase in PM and quartiles of PM exposure.

Results: Each 10 µg/m increase in PM levels was associated with an increased odds of ARI (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.19-1.27). A change from the first quartile of PM (2.5-34.4 µg/m) to the second quartile (34.5-51.5 µg/m) of PM was associated with a two-fold change (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.60-2.66) in the odds of developing ARI. Similarly, comparing the first quartile to the fourth quartile of PM exposure (78.3-128.9 µg/m) resulted in an over four-fold increase in the odds of ARI (OR: 4.45, 95% CI: 3.37-5.87).

Conclusion: Mitigation efforts must be continued implementing higher restrictions in India and to bring new interventions to ensure safe levels of air for reducing the burden of disease and mortality associated with air pollution in India.