Transcriptome Analysis of LLC-PK Cells Single or Coinfected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Deltacoronavirus

Overview

Journal Viruses

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2024 Jan 23

PMID 38257774

Authors

Yanzhen Lu

Ruiming Yu

Lixin Tong

Liping Zhang

Zhongwang Zhang

Li Pan

Yonglu Wang

Huichen Guo

Yonghao Hu

Xinsheng Liu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are the two most prevalent swine enteric coronaviruses worldwide. They commonly cause natural coinfections, which worsen as the disease progresses and cause increased mortality in piglets. To better understand the transcriptomic changes after PEDV and PDCoV coinfection, we compared LLC porcine kidney (LLC-PK) cells infected with PEDV and/or PDCoV and evaluated the differential expression of genes by transcriptomic analysis and real-time qPCR. The antiviral efficacy of interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) against PDCoV and PEDV infections was also assessed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in PEDV-, PDCoV-, and PEDV + PDCoV-infected cells at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection (hpi), and at 24 hpi, the number of DEGs was the highest. Furthermore, changes in the expression of interferons, which are mainly related to apoptosis and activation of the host innate immune pathway, were found in the PEDV and PDCoV infection and coinfection groups. Additionally, 43 ISGs, including GBP2, IRF1, ISG20, and IFIT2, were upregulated during PEDV or PDCoV infection. Furthermore, we found that ISG20 significantly inhibited PEDV and PDCoV infection in LLC-PK cells. The transcriptomic profiles of cells coinfected with PEDV and PDCoV were reported, providing reference data for understanding the host response to PEDV and PDCoV coinfection.

References

Li W, Li H, Liu Y, Pan Y, Deng F, Song Y . New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, China, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012; 18(8):1350-3. PMC: 3414035. DOI: 10.3201/eid1808.120002. View

Zhang L, Liu X, Zhang Q, Zhou P, Fang Y, Dong Z . Biological characterization and pathogenicity of a newly isolated Chinese highly virulent genotype GIIa porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain. Arch Virol. 2019; 164(5):1287-1295. PMC: 7086859. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04167-3. View

Hu H, Jung K, Vlasova A, Saif L . Experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs with the cell-culture-adapted porcine deltacoronavirus strain OH-FD22. Arch Virol. 2016; 161(12):3421-3434. PMC: 7087098. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3056-8. View

Qu H, Wen Y, Hu J, Xiao D, Li S, Zhang L . Study of the inhibitory effect of STAT1 on PDCoV infection. Vet Microbiol. 2022; 266:109333. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109333. View

Li Z, Chen Z, Chen L, Zhan Y, Li S, Cheng J . Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens in patients with COVID-19 in Guangzhou, China. J Med Virol. 2020; 92(11):2381-2383. PMC: 7283743. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26073. View

Hu H, Jung K, Vlasova A, Chepngeno J, Lu Z, Wang Q . Isolation and characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs with diarrhea in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 53(5):1537-48. PMC: 4400786. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00031-15. View

Kocherhans R, Bridgen A, Ackermann M, Tobler K . Completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea coronavirus (PEDV) genome sequence. Virus Genes. 2001; 23(2):137-44. PMC: 7089135. DOI: 10.1023/a:1011831902219. View

Zhou Z, Wang N, Woodson S, Dong Q, Wang J, Liang Y . Antiviral activities of ISG20 in positive-strand RNA virus infections. Virology. 2010; 409(2):175-88. PMC: 3018280. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.008. View

Chang S, Bae J, Kang T, Kim J, Chung G, Lim C . Identification of the epitope region capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Mol Cells. 2002; 14(2):295-9. View

10.

Qu H, Li J, Yang L, Sun L, Liu W, He H . Influenza A Virus-induced expression of ISG20 inhibits viral replication by interacting with nucleoprotein. Virus Genes. 2016; 52(6):759-767. DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1366-2. View

11.

Liu S, Fang P, Ke W, Wang J, Wang X, Xiao S . Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection antagonizes interferon-λ1 production. Vet Microbiol. 2020; 247:108785. PMC: 7331541. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108785. View

12.

Espert L, Degols G, Gongora C, Blondel D, Williams B, Silverman R . ISG20, a new interferon-induced RNase specific for single-stranded RNA, defines an alternative antiviral pathway against RNA genomic viruses. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278(18):16151-8. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M209628200. View

13.

Li Z, Chen F, Ye S, Guo X, Muhanmmad Memon A, Wu M . Comparative Proteome Analysis of Porcine Jejunum Tissues in Response to a Virulent Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Its Attenuated Strain. Viruses. 2016; 8(12). PMC: 5192384. DOI: 10.3390/v8120323. View

14.

Kang D, Gao S, Tian Z, Zhang G, Guan G, Liu G . ISG20 inhibits bluetongue virus replication. Virol Sin. 2022; 37(4):521-530. PMC: 9437527. DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.010. View

15.

Woo P, Lau S, Lam C, Lau C, Tsang A, Lau J . Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and.... J Virol. 2012; 86(7):3995-4008. PMC: 3302495. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.06540-11. View

16.

Jang G, Lee K, Kim S, Lee C . Prevalence, complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in South Korea, 2014-2016. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017; 64(5):1364-1370. PMC: 7169712. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12690. View

17.

Mascia T, Gallitelli D . Synergies and antagonisms in virus interactions. Plant Sci. 2016; 252:176-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.015. View

18.

Perez-Rivera C, Ramirez-Mendoza H, Mendoza-Elvira S, Segura-Velazquez R, Sanchez-Betancourt J . First report and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019; 66(4):1436-1441. PMC: 7168549. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13193. View

19.

Ferrara G, Nocera F, Longobardi C, Ciarcia R, Fioretti A, Damiano S . Retrospective Serosurvey of Three Porcine Coronaviruses among the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Population in the Campania Region of Italy. J Wildl Dis. 2022; 58(4):887-891. DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-21-00196. View

20.

Jiang S, Chen J, Li X, Ren W, Li F, Wang T . Identification and integrated analysis of lncRNAs and miRNAs in IPEC-J2 cells provide novel insight into the regulation of the innate immune response by PDCoV infection. BMC Genomics. 2022; 23(1):486. PMC: 9251034. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08722-2. View