Gut Microbiota and Insulin Resistance: Understanding the Mechanism of Better Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Overview

Journal Curr Diabetes Rev

Publisher Bentham Science Publishers

Specialty Endocrinology

Date 2024 Jan 20

PMID 38243954

Authors

Alsalt Al-Busaidi

Omer Alabri

Jaifar Alomairi

Ahmed ElSharaawy

Abdullah Al Lawati

Hanan Al Lawati

Srijit Das

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Gut microbiota refers to the population of trillions of microorganisms present in the human intestine. The gut microbiota in the gastrointestinal system is important for an individual's good health and well-being. The possibility of an intrauterine colonization of the placenta further suggests that the fetal environment before birth may also affect early microbiome development. Various factors influence the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis of microbiota may be associated with various diseases. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels, and disruption of the insulin signaling pathway results in insulin resistance. Insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia is a pathological state in which the insulin-responsive cells have a diminished response to the hormone compared to normal physiological responses, resulting in reduced glucose uptake by the tissue cells. Insulin resistance is an important cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus. While there are various factors responsible for the etiology of insulin resistance, dysbiosis of gut microbiota may be an important contributing cause for metabolic disturbances. We discuss the mechanisms in skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, liver, and intestine by which insulin resistance can occur due to gut microbiota's metabolites. A better understanding of gut microbiota may help in the effective treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

References

Suzuki T, Fitzstevens J, Schmidt V, Enav H, Huus K, Mbong Ngwese M . Codiversification of gut microbiota with humans. Science. 2022; 377(6612):1328-1332. PMC: 10777373. DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7759. View

Ronan V, Yeasin R, Claud E . Childhood Development and the Microbiome-The Intestinal Microbiota in Maintenance of Health and Development of Disease During Childhood Development. Gastroenterology. 2020; 160(2):495-506. PMC: 8714606. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.065. View

Ferretti P, Pasolli E, Tett A, Asnicar F, Gorfer V, Fedi S . Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2018; 24(1):133-145.e5. PMC: 6716579. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.005. View

Dominguez-Bello M, Godoy-Vitorino F, Knight R, Blaser M . Role of the microbiome in human development. Gut. 2019; 68(6):1108-1114. PMC: 6580755. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317503. View

Dalby M, Hall L . Recent advances in understanding the neonatal microbiome. F1000Res. 2020; 9. PMC: 7255898. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22355.1. View

Van Winckel M, De Bruyne R, Van De Velde S, Van Biervliet S . Vitamin K, an update for the paediatrician. Eur J Pediatr. 2008; 168(2):127-34. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0856-1. View

Lippi G, Franchini M . Vitamin K in neonates: facts and myths. Blood Transfus. 2010; 9(1):4-9. PMC: 3021393. DOI: 10.2450/2010.0034-10. View

Kennedy K, de Goffau M, Perez-Munoz M, Arrieta M, Backhed F, Bork P . Questioning the fetal microbiome illustrates pitfalls of low-biomass microbial studies. Nature. 2023; 613(7945):639-649. PMC: 11333990. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05546-8. View

Mishra A, Lai G, Yao L, Aung T, Shental N, Rotter-Maskowitz A . Microbial exposure during early human development primes fetal immune cells. Cell. 2021; 184(13):3394-3409.e20. PMC: 8240556. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.039. View

10.

Roswall J, Olsson L, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Nilsson S, Tremaroli V, Simon M . Developmental trajectory of the healthy human gut microbiota during the first 5 years of life. Cell Host Microbe. 2021; 29(5):765-776.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.021. View

11.

Kuperman A, Zimmerman A, Hamadia S, Ziv O, Gurevich V, Fichtman B . Deep microbial analysis of multiple placentas shows no evidence for a placental microbiome. BJOG. 2019; 127(2):159-169. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15896. View

12.

Tanaka M, Nakayama J . Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life. Allergol Int. 2017; 66(4):515-522. DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.07.010. View

13.

Enav H, Backhed F, Ley R . The developing infant gut microbiome: A strain-level view. Cell Host Microbe. 2022; 30(5):627-638. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.009. View

14.

Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony K, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J . The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6(237):237ra65. PMC: 4929217. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599. View

15.

Al Alam D, Danopoulos S, Grubbs B, Ali N, MacAogain M, Chotirmall S . Human Fetal Lungs Harbor a Microbiome Signature. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 201(8):1002-1006. PMC: 7159424. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201911-2127LE. View

16.

Ardissone A, de la Cruz D, Davis-Richardson A, Rechcigl K, Li N, Drew J . Meconium microbiome analysis identifies bacteria correlated with premature birth. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e90784. PMC: 3948723. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090784. View

17.

Chen C, Song X, Wei W, Zhong H, Dai J, Lan Z . The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases. Nat Commun. 2017; 8(1):875. PMC: 5645390. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00901-0. View

18.

Collado M, Rautava S, Aakko J, Isolauri E, Salminen S . Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:23129. PMC: 4802384. DOI: 10.1038/srep23129. View

19.

de Goffau M, Lager S, Sovio U, Gaccioli F, Cook E, Peacock S . Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens. Nature. 2019; 572(7769):329-334. PMC: 6697540. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1451-5. View

20.

Diaz Heijtz R . Fetal, neonatal, and infant microbiome: Perturbations and subsequent effects on brain development and behavior. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016; 21(6):410-417. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.012. View