Cytokinin: From Autoclaved DNA to Two-component Signaling

Overview

Journal Plant Cell

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialties Biology
Cell Biology

Date 2024 Jan 1

PMID 38163638

Authors

Cristiana T Argueso

Joseph J Kieber

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Since its first identification in the 1950s as a regulator of cell division, cytokinin has been linked to many physiological processes in plants, spanning growth and development and various responses to the environment. Studies from the last two and one-half decades have revealed the pathways underlying the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin and have elucidated the mechanisms of its perception and signaling, which reflects an ancient signaling system evolved from two-component elements in bacteria. Mutants in the genes encoding elements involved in these processes have helped refine our understanding of cytokinin functions in plants. Further, recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms of intracellular and long-distance cytokinin transport and the identification of several proteins that operate downstream of cytokinin signaling. Here, we review these processes through a historical lens, providing an overview of cytokinin metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in higher plants.

Citing Articles

Dressed Up to the Nines: The Interplay of Phytohormones Signaling and Redox Metabolism During Plant Response to Drought.

Jardim-Messeder D, de Souza-Vieira Y, Sachetto-Martins G Plants (Basel). 2025; 14(2).

PMID: 39861561 PMC: 11768152. DOI: 10.3390/plants14020208.

Structure-function relation of cytokinins determines their differential efficiency in mediating tobacco resistance against Pseudomonas syringae.

Grosskinsky D, Molin E, Bosetto F, Edelsbrunner K, Oravec M, Vecerova K Physiol Plant. 2024; 177(1):e70028.

PMID: 39727031 PMC: 11672182. DOI: 10.1111/ppl.70028.

Co-option of plant gene regulatory network in nutrient responses during terrestrialization.

Dong Y, Krishnamoorthi S, Tan G, Poh Z, Urano D Nat Plants. 2024; 10(12):1955-1968.

PMID: 39592744 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01851-4.

Identification of CKX gene family in Morus indica cv K2 and functional characterization of MiCKX4 during abiotic stress.

Singhal C, Singh A, Sharma A, Khurana P Stress Biol. 2024; 4(1):35.

PMID: 39136853 PMC: 11322459. DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00173-x.

Biochemical characterization of a unique cytokinin and nucleotide phosphoribohydrolase Lonely Guy protein from .

Aoki M, Kisiala A, Farrow S, Brunetti C, Huber R, Emery R Biochem Biophys Rep. 2024; 39:101756.

PMID: 38978539 PMC: 11228631. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101756.

References

Ruffel S, Krouk G, Ristova D, Shasha D, Birnbaum K, Coruzzi G . Nitrogen economics of root foraging: transitive closure of the nitrate-cytokinin relay and distinct systemic signaling for N supply vs. demand. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011; 108(45):18524-9. PMC: 3215050. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108684108. View

Jameson P, Song J . Will cytokinins underpin the second 'Green Revolution'?. J Exp Bot. 2020; 71(22):6872-6875. PMC: 8202814. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa447. View

Polko J, Potter K, Burr C, Schaller G, Kieber J . Meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies of cytokinin-treated rice roots defines a core set of cytokinin response genes. Plant J. 2021; 107(5):1387-1402. DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15386. View

Raines T, Shanks C, Cheng C, McPherson D, Argueso C, Kim H . The cytokinin response factors modulate root and shoot growth and promote leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2015; 85(1):134-47. DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13097. View

Kim A, Chen J, Khare D, Jin J, Yamaoka Y, Maeshima M . Non-intrinsic ATP-binding cassette proteins ABCI19, ABCI20 and ABCI21 modulate cytokinin response at the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Rep. 2020; 39(4):473-487. PMC: 7346704. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02503-0. View

Bartrina I, Otto E, Strnad M, Werner T, Schmulling T . Cytokinin regulates the activity of reproductive meristems, flower organ size, ovule formation, and thus seed yield in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2011; 23(1):69-80. PMC: 3051259. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.079079. View

Skoog F, Miller C . Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1957; 11:118-30. View

Ko D, Kang J, Kiba T, Park J, Kojima M, Do J . Arabidopsis ABCG14 is essential for the root-to-shoot translocation of cytokinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111(19):7150-5. PMC: 4024864. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321519111. View

Shanks C, Rice J, Zubo Y, Schaller G, Hewezi T, Kieber J . The Role of Cytokinin During Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by the Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2015; 29(1):57-68. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-07-15-0156-R. View

10.

McIntyre K, Bush D, Argueso C . Cytokinin Regulation of Source-Sink Relationships in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Plant Sci. 2021; 12:677585. PMC: 8421792. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677585. View

11.

Chickarmane V, Gordon S, Tarr P, Heisler M, Meyerowitz E . Cytokinin signaling as a positional cue for patterning the apical-basal axis of the growing Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012; 109(10):4002-7. PMC: 3309735. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200636109. View

12.

Lomin S, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Romanov G, Sakakibara H . Ligand-binding properties and subcellular localization of maize cytokinin receptors. J Exp Bot. 2011; 62(14):5149-59. PMC: 3193018. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err220. View

13.

Fonouni-Farde C, Kisiala A, Brault M, Emery R, Diet A, Frugier F . DELLA1-Mediated Gibberellin Signaling Regulates Cytokinin-Dependent Symbiotic Nodulation. Plant Physiol. 2017; 175(4):1795-1806. PMC: 5717729. DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00919. View

14.

Radchuk V, Belew Z, Gundel A, Mayer S, Hilo A, Hensel G . SWEET11b transports both sugar and cytokinin in developing barley grains. Plant Cell. 2023; 35(6):2186-2207. PMC: 10226576. DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad055. View

15.

Taya Y, Tanaka Y, Nishimura S . 5'-AMP is a direct precursor of cytokinin in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature. 1978; 271(5645):545-7. DOI: 10.1038/271545a0. View

16.

Lubovska Z, Dobra J, Storchova H, Wilhelmova N, Vankova R . Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase overexpression modifies antioxidant defense against heat, drought and their combination in Nicotiana tabacum plants. J Plant Physiol. 2014; 171(17):1625-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.021. View

17.

Takei K, Yamaya T, Sakakibara H . Arabidopsis CYP735A1 and CYP735A2 encode cytokinin hydroxylases that catalyze the biosynthesis of trans-Zeatin. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279(40):41866-72. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M406337200. View

18.

Siddique S, Radakovic Z, De La Torre C, Chronis D, Novak O, Ramireddy E . A parasitic nematode releases cytokinin that controls cell division and orchestrates feeding site formation in host plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(41):12669-74. PMC: 4611629. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503657112. View

19.

Riefler M, Novak O, Strnad M, Schmulling T . Arabidopsis cytokinin receptor mutants reveal functions in shoot growth, leaf senescence, seed size, germination, root development, and cytokinin metabolism. Plant Cell. 2005; 18(1):40-54. PMC: 1323483. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.037796. View

20.

Moubayidin L, Perilli S, Dello Ioio R, Di Mambro R, Costantino P, Sabatini S . The rate of cell differentiation controls the Arabidopsis root meristem growth phase. Curr Biol. 2010; 20(12):1138-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.035. View