Giant Cell Tumour of Bone: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

The benign aggressive tumour known as a giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) frequently affects the knee bones. Patients suffering from GCTB present with pain, swelling, joint effusion, loss of ability to bear weight on the involved extremity and a restriction in the range of motion of the afflicted joint may also exist, depending on the tumour's size. GCTB makes up 20% of benign skeletal tumours and 5% of all primary bone tumours. Although it has an equal distribution of the sexes, the majority reveal a higher frequency among women. Eighty per cent of GCTB instances were recorded in patients between the ages of 20 and 50 during the third decade. The femur, tibia and radius are where GCTB is most frequently discovered. Lesions can be rated using the Campanacci grading method based on the plain radiograph's results. Plain radiography, CT and MRI are used to diagnose the tumour. Surgery is the only curative treatment which is determined by the Campanacci grade and the tumour's location. Recurrence of GCTB is observed in about 25% of patients, with curettage being associated with rates as high as 50%. We evaluated the GCTB-related articles and summarised the developments in diagnosis, treatment and reducing risk of recurrence.