Seasonal Changes in Free 25-(OH)D and Vitamin D Metabolite Ratios and Their Relationship with Psychophysical Stress Markers in Male Professional Football Players

Overview

Journal Front Physiol

Date 2023 Nov 1

PMID 37908338

Authors

Anna Ksiazek

Aleksandra Zagrodna

Giovanni Lombardi

Malgorzata Slowinska-Lisowska

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Novel markers of vitamin D status are currently being investigated, including free 25-(OH)D (25-(OH)D) and the vitamin D metabolite ratio (24,25-(OH)D:25-(OH)D; VMR). The VMR may provide additional functional information on vitamin D metabolism in athletes. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to evaluate 25-(OH)D, bioavailable 25-(OH)D (25-(OH)D), VMR, and psychophysical stress markers during different training periods over a half-season. The second aim was to assess the association between vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), total and free 25-(OH)D, VMRs, and psychophysical stress markers in professional football players. Moreover, we examined the relationship between 25-(OH)D and vitamin D metabolites (24,25-(OH)D, 3-epi-25-(OH)D) to determine if training loads in different training periods influenced the vitamin D metabolome. Twenty professional football players were tested at six different time points across half a year (V1-June; V2-July; V3-August; V4-October; V5-December; V6-January). Analyses indicated a significant seasonal rhythm for VDBP, and total 25-(OH)D (25-(OH)D), 25-(OH)D, 24,25-(OH)D, 3-epi-25-(OH)D, 25-(OH)D:24,25-(OH)D, and 24,25-(OH)D:25-(OH)D VMRs throughout the training period. No correlation was detected between 25-(OH)D, 25-(OH)D, 25-(OH)D, vitamin D metabolites, VMRs, VDBP, and ferritin, liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase [AST] and alanine transaminase [ALT]), creatine kinase (CK), cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C) in each period (V1-V6). However, there was a strong statistically significant correlation between 25-(OH)D and 24,25-(OH)D in each training period. In conclusion, a seasonal rhythm was present for VDBP, 25-(OH)D, 25-(OH)D, vitamin D metabolites (24,25-(OH)D, 3-epi-25-(OH)D), and VMRs (25-(OH)D:24,25-(OH)D, 25-(OH)D:3-epi-25-(OH)D). However, no rhythm was detected for 25-(OH)D and markers of psychophysical stress (ferritin, liver enzymes, CK, testosterone, cortisol, and T/C ratio). Moreover, the relationships between free and total 25-(OH)D with psychophysical stress markers did not demonstrate the superiority of free over total measurements. Furthermore, training loads in different training periods did not affect resting vitamin D metabolite concentrations in football players.

Citing Articles

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PMID: 39676125 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02202-2.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Professional Football Players during Competitive Season of Italian First Division (Serie A).

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PMID: 38921847 PMC: 11209379. DOI: 10.3390/sports12060153.

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