Kinetic Conversion of BIOGF1K Enriched in Compound K from 3-D Human Tissue Model

Overview

Journal Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov

Date 2023 Oct 23

PMID 37869704

Authors

Woo-Hyun Kim

Won-Jo Choi

Jeong-Eun Kim

Joonho Choi

Yong-Deok Hong

Jin Nam

Won-Seok Park

Soon-Mi Shim

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The purposes of current study were to investigate the effect of ginsenosides from BIOGF1K enriched in compound K (CK) and compound Y (CY) on the skin barrier function, the deposition in 3-D human tissue model (EpiDermFT™ Full Thickness 400), and to identify and quantify kinetic bioconversion of the ginsenosides in artificial skin by utilizing the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. Epidermal barrier integrity evaluated using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly higher in the BIOGF1K treatment than the CY or CK individual treatment throughout incubation (p < 0.05). Skin deposition (%) of CY and CK from BIOGF1K treatment was approximately 4 and 2 times higher than the CY and CK single component treatment, respectively. Total amount of CK found in human skin by deposition and bioconversion was approximately 1087.3, 528.82, and 867.76 μM after topical treatment of BIOGF1K, CK, and CY. Results from the current study reveal that topical treatment of BIOGF1K more effectively induced CK deposition as well as bioconversion of CY to CK than that of a single treatment of CY or CK, suggesting that BIOGF1K could be a useful cosmetic preparation for enhancing skin function.

References

Zhou W, Li J, Li X, Yan Q, Zhou P . Development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method for quantitative determination of ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, F2, and compound K during the process of biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1. J Sep Sci. 2008; 31(6-7):921-5. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700406. View

Oh J, Lee C, Kim J, Kim W, Seo J, Lim T . Effect of Characterized Green Tea Extraction Methods and Formulations on Enzymatic Starch Hydrolysis and Intestinal Glucose Transport. J Agric Food Chem. 2021; 69(50):15208-15217. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05931. View

Sun Z, Chen J, Song Y, Dou T, Zou L, Hao D . Inhibition of human carboxylesterases by ginsenosides: structure-activity relationships and inhibitory mechanism. Chin Med. 2020; 14:56. PMC: 6915887. DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0279-0. View

Hossen M, Hong Y, Baek K, Yoo S, Hong Y, Kim J . antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the compound K-rich fraction BIOGF1K, prepared from . J Ginseng Res. 2017; 41(1):43-51. PMC: 5223069. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.009. View

Noh K, Oh D . Production of the rare ginsenosides compound K, compound Y, and compound Mc by a thermostable beta-glycosidase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009; 32(11):1830-5. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1830. View

Yang X, Yang Y, Ouyang D, Yang G . A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K. Fitoterapia. 2014; 100:208-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.019. View

Kim W, Kim J, Kim S, Na Y, Hong Y, Choi J . Bioconversion of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction from ginseng root and its effect on epidermal barrier function. Heliyon. 2023; 9(4):e14803. PMC: 10070716. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14803. View

Park N, Bong S, Lee S, Jung Y, Jegal H, Kim J . Compound K improves skin barrier function by increasing SPINK5 expression. J Ginseng Res. 2020; 44(6):799-807. PMC: 7655487. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.006. View

Li X, Liu L, Schlegel H . On the physical origin of blue-shifted hydrogen bonds. J Am Chem Soc. 2002; 124(32):9639-47. DOI: 10.1021/ja020213j. View

10.

Byrd A, Belkaid Y, Segre J . The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018; 16(3):143-155. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157. View

11.

Lee E, Cho S, Kim S, Shin E, Chang H, Kim D . Ginsenoside F1 protects human HaCaT keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2. J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 121(3):607-13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12425.x. View

12.

Pyo S, Maibach H . Skin Metabolism: Relevance of Skin Enzymes for Rational Drug Design. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2019; 32(5):283-294. DOI: 10.1159/000501732. View

13.

Brandner J . Importance of Tight Junctions in Relation to Skin Barrier Function. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2016; 49:27-37. DOI: 10.1159/000441541. View

14.

Moon S, Lee H, Mathiyalagan R, Kim Y, Yang D, Lee D . Synthesis of a Novel α-Glucosyl Ginsenoside F1 by Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase and Its In Vitro Cosmetic Applications. Biomolecules. 2018; 8(4). PMC: 6315644. DOI: 10.3390/biom8040142. View

15.

Batz F, Klipper W, Korting H, Henkler F, Landsiedel R, Luch A . Esterase activity in excised and reconstructed human skin--biotransformation of prednicarbate and the model dye fluorescein diacetate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2012; 84(2):374-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.008. View

16.

Kim E, Yi Y, Son Y, Han S, Kim D, Nam G . BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction of ginseng, plays an antiinflammatory role by targeting an activator protein-1 signaling pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. J Ginseng Res. 2018; 42(2):233-237. PMC: 5926502. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.001. View

17.

Tian D, Wu Z, Liu X, Tu Z, Li R, Fan D . Synthesis of L-aspartic acid-based bimetallic hybrid nanoflowers to immobilize snailase for the production of rare ginsenoside compound K. J Mater Chem B. 2023; 11(11):2397-2408. DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00013c. View

18.

Hong Y, Kim D, Nam G, Yoo S, Han S, Jeong S . Photoaging protective effects of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction prepared from . J Ginseng Res. 2018; 42(1):81-89. PMC: 5766695. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.002. View

19.

Shkembi B, Huppertz T . Calcium Absorption from Food Products: Food Matrix Effects. Nutrients. 2022; 14(1). PMC: 8746734. DOI: 10.3390/nu14010180. View

20.

Lim T, Jeon A, Yoon J, Song D, Kim J, Kwon J . 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, enhances the production of hyaluronic acid through the activation of ERK and Akt mediated by Src tyrosin kinase in human keratinocytes. Int J Mol Med. 2015; 35(5):1388-94. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2121. View