Dynamic Torque and Screw-in Force of Four Different Glide Path Instruments Assessed in Simulated Single- and Double-curved Canals: An In vitro Study

Overview

Journal J Dent Sci

Specialty Dentistry

Date 2023 Oct 6

PMID 37799866

Authors

Myint Thu

Arata Ebihara

Keiichiro Maki

Shunsuke Kimura

Moe-Sandar Kyaw

Yuka Kasuga

Miki Nishijo

Takashi Okiji

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background/purpose: The glide path instruments are the introductory instruments into the canals; thus, they should be durable enough to withstand torsional stress/screw-in force. This study aimed to investigate the torque and screw-in force of TruNatomy Glider (TN), ProGLIDER (PG), Hyflex EDM (EDM) and Dent Craft RE (RE) glide path instruments in single- and double-curved canals.

Materials And Methods: Each instrument brand was divided into two groups (n = 7 each) according to the canal configuration. Torque and screw-in force were recorded during automated instrumentation of simulated resin canals with XSmart IQ cordless motor after the canal patency was checked with a #10 K-file. The values were statistically analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test followed by the Kruskal Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction ( = 0.05).

Results: TN produced significantly higher torque than RE in single-curved canals and PG in double-curved canals ( 0.05). EDM yielded significantly higher screw-in force than TN and RE in single-curved canals ( 0.05), but there was no significant difference in double-curved canals ( > 0.05). A significant effect of different canal configurations was only detected for screw-in force in EDM ( < 0.05).

Conclusion: TN in single-curved canals and RE in double-curved canals yielded higher torque values, while EDM exhibited greater screw-in force in both canal configurations. No effect of different canal configurations was detected for torque, but a significant impact was detected for screw-in force in EDM.

Citing Articles

Comparison of mechanical properties and shaping performance of ProGlider and ProTaper ultimate slider.

Song J, Jang J, Chang S, Chung S, Oh S BMC Oral Health. 2025; 25(1):59.

PMID: 39799311 PMC: 11725211. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-025-05422-7.

Glide Path in Endodontics: A Literature Review of Current Knowledge.

Lup V, Malvicini G, Gaeta C, Grandini S, Ciavoi G Dent J (Basel). 2024; 12(8).

PMID: 39195101 PMC: 11352993. DOI: 10.3390/dj12080257.

Screw-in force, torque generation, and performance of glide-path files with three rotation kinetics.

Woo J, Jang J, Chang S, Oh S Odontology. 2023; 112(3):761-772.

PMID: 38102366 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00879-w.

References

Kwak S, Ha J, Lee C, Abed R, Abu-Tahun I, Kim H . Effects of Pitch Length and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of the Glide Path Preparation Instruments. J Endod. 2016; 42(5):788-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.02.002. View

Al-Sudani D, Grande N, Plotino G, Pompa G, Di Carlo S, Testarelli L . Cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium rotary instruments in a double (S-shaped) simulated curvature. J Endod. 2012; 38(7):987-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.025. View

Yum J, Cheung G, Park J, Hur B, Kim H . Torsional strength and toughness of nickel-titanium rotary files. J Endod. 2011; 37(3):382-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.028. View

Uslu G, Ozyurek T, Yilmaz K, Gundogar M . Cyclic fatigue resistance of R-Pilot, HyFlex EDM and PathFile nickel-titanium glide path files in artificial canals with double (S-shaped) curvature. Int Endod J. 2017; 51(5):584-589. DOI: 10.1111/iej.12846. View

Gavini G, Dos Santos M, Caldeira C, Machado M, Freire L, Iglecias E . Nickel-titanium instruments in endodontics: a concise review of the state of the art. Braz Oral Res. 2018; 32(suppl 1):e67. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0067. View

Varela Patino P, Biedma B, Liebana C, Cantatore G, Bahillo J . The influence of a manual glide path on the separation rate of NiTi rotary instruments. J Endod. 2005; 31(2):114-6. DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000136209.28647.13. View

Al-Obaida M, Merdad K, Alanazi M, Altwaijry H, AlFaraj M, Alkhamis A . Comparison of Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of 5 Heat-treated Nickel-titanium Reciprocating Systems in Canals with Single and Double Curvatures. J Endod. 2019; 45(10):1237-1241. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.06.011. View

Schrader C, Peters O . Analysis of torque and force with differently tapered rotary endodontic instruments in vitro. J Endod. 2005; 31(2):120-3. DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000137634.20499.1d. View

Pereira E, Viana A, Buono V, Peters O, de Azevedo Bahia M . Behavior of nickel-titanium instruments manufactured with different thermal treatments. J Endod. 2014; 41(1):67-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.06.005. View

10.

Htun P, Ebihara A, Maki K, Kimura S, Nishijo M, Kyaw M . Comparison of Torque, Screw-in Force, and Shaping Ability of Glide Path Instruments in Continuous Rotation and Optimum Glide Path Motion. J Endod. 2020; 47(1):94-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.09.013. View

11.

Kwak S, Shen Y, Liu H, Kim H, Haapasalo M . Torque Generation of the Endodontic Instruments: A Narrative Review. Materials (Basel). 2022; 15(2). PMC: 8778851. DOI: 10.3390/ma15020664. View

12.

Blum J, Machtou P, Esber S, Micallef J . Analysis of forces developed during root canal preparation with the balanced force technique. Int Endod J. 1998; 30(6):386-96. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.1997.00102.x. View

13.

Yared G, Kulkarni G . Accuracy of the DTC torque control motor for nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Int Endod J. 2004; 37(6):399-402. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2004.00824.x. View

14.

Iacono F, Pirani C, Generali L, Bolelli G, Sassatelli P, Lusvarghi L . Structural analysis of HyFlex EDM instruments. Int Endod J. 2016; 50(3):303-313. DOI: 10.1111/iej.12620. View

15.

Jamleh A, Adorno C, Ebihara A, Suda H . Effect of nickel titanium file design on the root surface strain and apical microcracks. Aust Endod J. 2015; 42(1):25-31. DOI: 10.1111/aej.12116. View

16.

Ha J, Park S . Influence of glide path on the screw-in effect and torque of nickel-titanium rotary files in simulated resin root canals. Restor Dent Endod. 2013; 37(4):215-9. PMC: 3568641. DOI: 10.5395/rde.2012.37.4.215. View

17.

Oh S, Seo J, Lee J, Kim H, Jang J, Chang S . Evaluation of design, mechanical properties, and torque/force generation of heat-treated NiTi glide path instruments. BMC Oral Health. 2022; 22(1):528. PMC: 9686033. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02575-7. View

18.

Lim K, Webber J . The validity of simulated root canals for the investigation of the prepared root canal shape. Int Endod J. 1985; 18(4):240-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1985.tb00450.x. View

19.

Blum J, Cohen A, Machtou P, Micallef J . Analysis of forces developed during mechanical preparation of extracted teeth using Profile NiTi rotary instruments. Int Endod J. 1999; 32(1):24-31. View

20.

Nakatsukasa T, Ebihara A, Kimura S, Maki K, Nishijo M, Tokita D . Comparative evaluation of mechanical properties and shaping performance of heat-treated nickel titanium rotary instruments used in the single-length technique. Dent Mater J. 2021; 40(3):743-749. DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-255. View