A Preliminary Investigation of Presenteeism and Cognitive Preferences Among Head Nurses: a Cross-sectional Study

Background: Individual health is essential for productivity at work. However, presenteeism, which is defined as attending work while ill, is common. Nursing is a profession with a high incidence of presenteeism, leading to diverse negative outcomes. Considering the unique and significant role of head nurses and the influence of cognitive factors on presenteeism, the current study aimed to investigate the incidence of presenteeism among head nurses, their cognitive preference towards presenteeism, and the association between the two.

Methods: This preliminary investigation was a cross-sectional study conducted from July to August 2022. Participants were 233 head nurses recruited via convenience sampling from six hospitals located in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. The Nurse Presenteeism Questionniare (NPQ) and an original cognitive preference questionnaire were used to measure head nurses' experience of presenteeism and cognitive preference towards presenteeism. Descriptive statistics and sample t-tests were performed for data analysis.

Results: In the past six months, 96.6% of the head nurses exhibited signs of presenteeism. The specific symptoms were discomfort in the lower back, dizziness or headache, cold (e.g., stuffy nose or cough), abdominal pain (including menstrual pain), and whole-body fatigue or discomfort. 95.7% of head nurses' anticipation preference toward presenteeism inclined to rest at home; additionally, more than 80% of the head nurses considered presenteeism detrimental to both individuals and organizations. Further, 63.9% of the head nurses were inclined toward conduct discouragement in the face of subordinates' presenteeism. There was no significant difference in presenteeism between head nurses with various anticipation preferences (p > 0.05) and benefit preferences (p > 0.05). However, the differences in presenteeism among head nurses with various management preferences were significant (t = 2.60, p = 0.01). Specifically, head nurses who favored encouraging subordinate presenteeism had higher presenteeism scores compared to those who discouraged it.

Conclusions: Presenteeism among head nurses remains a universal workplace phenomenon. There was inconsistency among head nurses' anticipation preferences, benefit preferences, and presenteeism. However, there was consistency between head nurses' management preferences and presenteeism.