Smoking Behavior Change and the Risk of Pneumonia Hospitalization Among Smokers with Diabetes Mellitus

Smoking patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at greater risk of developing pneumonia. How smoking behavior changes affect the risk of pneumonia hospitalization, however, remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the association between smoking behavior change and the risk of pneumonia hospitalization in patients with DM. From January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2018, we investigated the association between smoking behavior change and the risk of pneumonia hospitalization in patients with DM. A total of 332,798 adult patients with DM from the Korean National Health Insurance System database who underwent health screening examination between 2009 and 2012, and were smokers at the first health examination were included. During a mean follow-up of 4.89 years, 14,598 (4.39%) incident pneumonia hospitalization cases were identified. Reducers had a slightly increased risk of pneumonia hospitalization (aHR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.10) compared to sustainers. Quitters did not have a significant association with incidence of pneumonia hospitalization. However, increasers had 13% higher risk of pneumonia hospitalization (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07-1.18), regardless of whether initial smoking was light, moderate, or heavy. Our study showed that an increase in smoking intensity was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia hospitalization in people with DM. However, a protective effect of smoking reduction or cessation on pneumonia risk was not demonstrated.