Extensive Review on Breast Cancer Its Etiology, Progression, Prognostic Markers, and Treatment

Overview

Journal Med Oncol

Publisher Springer

Specialty Oncology

Date 2023 Jul 13

PMID 37442848

Authors

Harshini Swaminathan

K Saravanamurali

Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

As the most frequent and vulnerable malignancy among women, breast cancer universally manifests a formidable healthcare challenge. From a biological and molecular perspective, it is a heterogenous disease and is stratified based on the etiological factors driving breast carcinogenesis. Notably, genetic predispositions and epigenetic impacts often constitute the heterogeneity of this disease. Typically, breast cancer is classified intrinsically into histological subtypes in clinical landscapes. These stratifications empower physicians to tailor precise treatments among the spectrum of breast cancer therapeutics. In this pursuit, numerous prognostic algorithms are extensively characterized, drastically changing how breast cancer is portrayed. Therefore, it is a basic requisite to comprehend the multidisciplinary rationales of breast cancer to assist the evolution of novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims at highlighting the molecular and genetic grounds of cancer additionally with therapeutic and phytotherapeutic context. Substantially, it also renders researchers with an insight into the breast cancer cell lines as a model paradigm for breast cancer research interventions.

Citing Articles

Combining KPNA2 and FOXM1 Expression as Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer.

Yang T, Tsai C, Su Y, Chang Y, Lee F, Huang T Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17(4).

PMID: 40002266 PMC: 11853725. DOI: 10.3390/cancers17040671.

Lycorine affects tamoxifen resistance of breast cancer via mA-based HAGLR.

Shi L, Jiang J, Zhai J Transl Cancer Res. 2025; 13(12):6675-6687.

PMID: 39816543 PMC: 11730692. DOI: 10.21037/tcr-24-1077.

Effect of body mass index on breast cancer prognosis: a focus on ER/PR status and subtype-specific recurrence risk.

Shen Q, Zhao L, Lu M Am J Transl Res. 2024; 16(11):6467-6476.

PMID: 39678546 PMC: 11645606. DOI: 10.62347/WJIQ1560.

Preliminary Metabolomics Study Suggests Favorable Metabolic Changes in the Plasma of Breast Cancer Patients after Surgery and Adjuvant Treatment.

Jimenez-Franco A, Jimenez-Aguilar J, Canela-Capdevila M, Garcia-Pablo R, Castane H, Martinez-Navidad C Biomedicines. 2024; 12(10).

PMID: 39457508 PMC: 11505071. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12102196.

Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Expression and Natural Killer Cell Infiltration and Its Correlation with Prognostic Features in Luminal Breast Cancers.

Vernet-Tomas M, Vazquez I, Olivares F, Lopez D, Yelamos J, Comerma L Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2024; 16:657-666.

PMID: 39387059 PMC: 11463177. DOI: 10.2147/BCTT.S476721.

References

De Rose F, Meduri B, De Santis M, Ferro A, Marino L, Colciago R . Rethinking breast cancer follow-up based on individual risk and recurrence management. Cancer Treat Rev. 2022; 109:102434. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102434. View

Ataollahi M, Sharifi J, Paknahad M, Paknahad A . Breast cancer and associated factors: a review. J Med Life. 2017; 8(Spec Iss 4):6-11. PMC: 5319297. View

Luo L, Zhang Y, Chen H, Hu F, Wang X, Xing Z . Effects and mechanisms of basic fibroblast growth factor on the proliferation and regenerative profiles of cryopreserved dental pulp stem cells. Cell Prolif. 2020; 54(2):e12969. PMC: 7848956. DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12969. View

Lukasiewicz S, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Baj J, Sitarz R, Stanislawek A . Breast Cancer-Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies-An Updated Review. Cancers (Basel). 2021; 13(17). PMC: 8428369. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174287. View

Mokhtari-Hessari P, Montazeri A . Health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients: review of reviews from 2008 to 2018. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020; 18(1):338. PMC: 7552560. DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01591-x. View

Voutsadakis I, Zaman K, Leyvraz S . Breast sarcomas: current and future perspectives. Breast. 2011; 20(3):199-204. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2011.02.016. View

Strand S, Rivero-Gutierrez B, Houlahan K, Seoane J, King L, Risom T . Molecular classification and biomarkers of clinical outcome in breast ductal carcinoma in situ: Analysis of TBCRC 038 and RAHBT cohorts. Cancer Cell. 2022; 40(12):1521-1536.e7. PMC: 9772081. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.10.021. View

Zheng L, Gokmen-Polar Y, Badve S . Is conservative management of ductal carcinoma in situ risky?. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2022; 8(1):55. PMC: 9050725. DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00420-2. View

Kao Y, Wu Y, Hsu C, Lin H, Wang J, Tian Y . Short- and long-term recurrence of early-stage invasive ductal carcinoma in middle-aged and old women with different treatments. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):4422. PMC: 8924278. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08328-4. View

10.

Makki J . Diversity of Breast Carcinoma: Histological Subtypes and Clinical Relevance. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 2016; 8:23-31. PMC: 4689326. DOI: 10.4137/CPath.S31563. View

11.

Davey M, Keelan S, Lowery A, Kerin M . The Impact of Chemotherapy Prescription on Long-Term Survival Outcomes in Early-Stage Invasive Lobular Carcinoma - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Breast Cancer. 2022; 22(8):e843-e849. DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.09.005. View

12.

McCart Reed A, Kalinowski L, Simpson P, Lakhani S . Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: the increasing importance of this special subtype. Breast Cancer Res. 2021; 23(1):6. PMC: 7792208. DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01384-6. View

13.

Wu S, Yang S, Zhang W, Wang J, Lian C, Chen Y . The longitudinal risk of mortality between invasive ductal carcinoma and metaplastic breast carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):22070. PMC: 7744577. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79166-5. View

14.

Lopez C, Gibert-Ramos A, Bosch R, Korzynska A, Garcia-Rojo M, Bueno G . Differences in the Immune Response of the Nonmetastatic Axillary Lymph Nodes between Triple-Negative and Luminal A Breast Cancer Surrogate Subtypes. Am J Pathol. 2020; 191(3):545-554. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.11.008. View

15.

Yersal O, Barutca S . Biological subtypes of breast cancer: Prognostic and therapeutic implications. World J Clin Oncol. 2014; 5(3):412-24. PMC: 4127612. DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.412. View

16.

Provenzano E, Ulaner G, Chin S . Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer. PET Clin. 2018; 13(3):325-338. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2018.02.004. View

17.

Luo L, Zhang Z, Qiu N, Ling L, Jia X, Song Y . Disruption of FOXO3a-miRNA feedback inhibition of IGF2/IGF-1R/IRS1 signaling confers Herceptin resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1):2699. PMC: 8113606. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23052-9. View

18.

Sanglier T, Shim J, Lamarre N, Pena-Murillo C, Antao V, Montemurro F . Trastuzumab emtansine vs lapatinib and capecitabine in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer brain metastases: A real-world study. Breast. 2023; 69:441-450. PMC: 10300572. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.01.007. View

19.

Yuan G, Lu Y, Yang C . Effect of different synthesis methodologies on the adsorption of iodine. Heliyon. 2023; 9(6):e16975. PMC: 10361028. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16975. View

20.

Fan M, Chen J, Gao J, Xue W, Wang Y, Li W . Triggering a switch from basal- to luminal-like breast cancer subtype by the small-molecule diptoindonesin G via induction of GABARAPL1. Cell Death Dis. 2020; 11(8):635. PMC: 7429843. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02878-z. View