Discordance Between Gut-derived Appetite Hormones and Energy Intake in Humans

Overview

Journal medRxiv

Date 2023 Jul 10

PMID 37425848

Authors

Aaron Hengist

Christina M Sciarrillo

Juen Guo

Mary Walter

Kevin D Hall

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Gut-derived hormones affect appetite and are thought to play an important role in body weight regulation. Dietary macronutrient composition can influence gut-derived appetite hormone concentrations, thereby providing theoretical basis for why some diets might facilitate weight loss better than others. We investigated postprandial gut-derived appetite hormones in 20 inpatient adults after 2 weeks of eating either a low carbohydrate (LC) or a low fat (LF) diet followed by the alternate diet in random order. A LC meal resulted in significantly greater postprandial GLP-1, GIP, and PYY but lower ghrelin compared to an isocaloric LF meal (all ≤0.02). However, differences in gut-derived appetite hormones were incommensurate with subsequent ad libitum energy intake over the rest of the day, which was 551±103 kcal (<0.0001) greater with the LC as compared to the LF diet. The effects of gut-derived appetite hormones on ad libitum energy intake can be dominated by other diet-related factors, at least in the short-term.

References

Watkins J, Koumanov F, Gonzalez J . Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr. 2021; 12(6):2540-2552. PMC: 8634310. DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078. View

Demeke S, Rohde K, Chollet-Hinton L, Sutton C, Kong K, Fazzino T . Change in hyper-palatable food availability in the US food system over 30 years: 1988-2018. Public Health Nutr. 2022; 26(1):182-189. PMC: 9672140. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980022001227. View

Lewis H, Ahern A, Solis-Trapala I, Walker C, Reimann F, Gribble F . Effect of reducing portion size at a compulsory meal on later energy intake, gut hormones, and appetite in overweight adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015; 23(7):1362-70. PMC: 7212075. DOI: 10.1002/oby.21105. View

Jastreboff A, Aronne L, Ahmad N, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B . Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(3):205-216. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038. View

Bodnaruc A, Prudhomme D, Blanchet R, Giroux I . Nutritional modulation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016; 13:92. PMC: 5148911. DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0153-3. View

Smits M, Holst J . Endogenous glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 as alternative for GLP-1 receptor agonists: Could this work and how?. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023; 39(8):e3699. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3699. View

Holst J, Madsbad S, Bojsen-Moller K, Svane M, Jorgensen N, Dirksen C . Mechanisms in bariatric surgery: Gut hormones, diabetes resolution, and weight loss. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018; 14(5):708-714. PMC: 5974695. DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.03.003. View

Drucker D, Holst J . The expanding incretin universe: from basic biology to clinical translation. Diabetologia. 2023; 66(10):1765-1779. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05906-7. View

van der Klaauw A, Keogh J, Henning E, Trowse V, Dhillo W, Ghatei M . High protein intake stimulates postprandial GLP1 and PYY release. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21(8):1602-7. PMC: 6548554. DOI: 10.1002/oby.20154. View

10.

Hengist A, Davies R, Rogers P, Brunstrom J, van Loon L, Walhin J . Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. Eur J Nutr. 2022; 62(2):921-940. PMC: 9941259. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x. View

11.

Cummings D, Overduin J . Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. J Clin Invest. 2007; 117(1):13-23. PMC: 1716217. DOI: 10.1172/JCI30227. View

12.

Hall K, Guo J, Courville A, Boring J, Brychta R, Chen K . Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake. Nat Med. 2021; 27(2):344-353. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-01209-1. View

13.

Meier J, Nauck M, Kranz D, Holst J, Deacon C, Gaeckler D . Secretion, degradation, and elimination of glucagon-like peptide 1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and healthy control subjects. Diabetes. 2004; 53(3):654-62. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.654. View

14.

Troke R, Tan T, Bloom S . The future role of gut hormones in the treatment of obesity. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014; 5(1):4-14. PMC: 3871274. DOI: 10.1177/2040622313506730. View

15.

Foster-Schubert K, Overduin J, Prudom C, Liu J, Callahan H, Gaylinn B . Acyl and total ghrelin are suppressed strongly by ingested proteins, weakly by lipids, and biphasically by carbohydrates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(5):1971-9. PMC: 2386677. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2289. View

16.

Raben A, Flint A, Holst J, Astrup A . Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 77(1):91-100. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.91. View

17.

Robinson E, Khuttan M, McFarland-Lesser I, Patel Z, Jones A . Calorie reformulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of manipulating food energy density on daily energy intake. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022; 19(1):48. PMC: 9026919. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01287-z. View

18.

Keim N, Stern J, Havel P . Relation between circulating leptin concentrations and appetite during a prolonged, moderate energy deficit in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68(4):794-801. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/68.4.794. View

19.

Overgaard R, Navarria A, Ingwersen S, Baekdal T, Kildemoes R . Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021; 60(10):1335-1348. PMC: 8505367. DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01025-x. View

20.

Scrocchi L, Brown T, MacLusky N, Brubaker P, AUERBACH A, Joyner A . Glucose intolerance but normal satiety in mice with a null mutation in the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene. Nat Med. 1996; 2(11):1254-8. DOI: 10.1038/nm1196-1254. View