Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy Definition of Peroxy Intermediates in Catechol Dioxygenases: Factors That Determine Extra- Versus Intradiol Cleavage

The extradiol dioxygenases (EDOs) and intradiol dioxygenases (IDOs) are nonheme iron enzymes that catalyze the oxidative aromatic ring cleavage of catechol substrates, playing an essential role in the carbon cycle. The EDOs and IDOs utilize very different Fe and Fe active sites to catalyze the regiospecificity in their catechol ring cleavage products. The factors governing this difference in cleavage have remained undefined. The EDO homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase (HPCD) and IDO protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (PCD) provide an opportunity to understand this selectivity, as key O intermediates have been trapped for both enzymes. Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (in conjunction with density functional theory calculations) is used to define the geometric and electronic structures of these intermediates as Fe-alkylhydroperoxo (HPCD) and Fe-alkylperoxo (PCD) species. Critically, in both intermediates, the initial peroxo bond orientation is directed toward extradiol product formation. Reaction coordinate calculations were thus performed to evaluate both the extra- and intradiol O-O cleavage for the simple organic alkylhydroperoxo and for the Fe and Fe metal catalyzed reactions. These results show the Fe-alkylhydroperoxo (EDO) intermediate undergoes facile extradiol O-O bond homolysis due to its extra e, while for the Fe-alkylperoxo (IDO) intermediate the extradiol cleavage involves a large barrier and would yield the incorrect extradiol product. This prompted our evaluation of a viable mechanism to rearrange the Fe-alkylperoxo IDO intermediate for intradiol cleavage, revealing a key role in the rebinding of the displaced Tyr447 ligand in this rearrangement, driven by the proton delivery necessary for O-O bond cleavage.