Unlocking the Diagnostic Potential of Saliva: A Comprehensive Review of Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Applications in Salivary Analysis

Overview

Journal J Pers Med

Date 2023 Jun 28

PMID 37373896

Authors

Charlotte Delrue

Sander De Bruyne

Marijn M Speeckaert

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a noninvasive and rapid analytical technique that provides information on the chemical composition, structure, and conformation of biomolecules in saliva. This technique has been widely used to analyze salivary biomolecules, owing to its label-free advantages. Saliva contains a complex mixture of biomolecules including water, electrolytes, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids which are potential biomarkers for several diseases. IR spectroscopy has shown great promise for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as for drug monitoring. Recent advancements in IR spectroscopy, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, have further enhanced its utility in salivary analysis. FTIR spectroscopy enables the collection of a complete IR spectrum of the sample, whereas ATR spectroscopy enables the analysis of samples in their native form, without the need for sample preparation. With the development of standardized protocols for sample collection and analysis and further advancements in IR spectroscopy, the potential for salivary diagnostics using IR spectroscopy is vast.

Citing Articles

Saliva Lipids May Determine Alprazolam Toxicity: An FTIR Study.

Mahdavinejad A, Shadnia S, Farhadinejad K, Farnam G, H Shirazi F Iran J Pharm Res. 2025; 23(1):e146675.

PMID: 39895672 PMC: 11786117. DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-146675.

A Study of the Association between Primary Oral Pathologies (Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases) Using Synchrotron Molecular FTIR Spectroscopy in View of the Patient's Personalized Clinical Picture (Demographics and Anamnesis).

Seredin P, Litvinova T, Ippolitov Y, Goloshchapov D, Peshkov Y, Kashkarov V Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(12).

PMID: 38928102 PMC: 11204202. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126395.

Microbial functional pathways based on metatranscriptomic profiling enable effective saliva-based health assessments for precision wellness.

Patridge E, Gorakshakar A, Molusky M, Ogundijo O, Janevski A, Julian C Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2024; 23:834-842.

PMID: 38328005 PMC: 10847690. DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.01.018.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Neurokinin A and Substance P in Patients with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abraham D, Singh A, Goyal A J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2023; 13(4):307-317.

PMID: 37876583 PMC: 10593367. DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_55_23.

References

Seredin P, Goloshchapov D, Ippolitov Y, Vongsvivut P . Pathology-specific molecular profiles of saliva in patients with multiple dental caries-potential application for predictive, preventive and personalised medical services. EPMA J. 2018; 9(2):195-203. PMC: 5972136. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0135-9. View

Pfaffe T, Cooper-White J, Beyerlein P, Kostner K, Punyadeera C . Diagnostic potential of saliva: current state and future applications. Clin Chem. 2011; 57(5):675-87. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.153767. View

Martinez-Cuazitl A, Vazquez-Zapien G, Sanchez-Brito M, Limon-Pacheco J, Guerrero-Ruiz M, Garibay-Gonzalez F . ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis of saliva samples from COVID-19 positive patients. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1):19980. PMC: 8497525. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99529-w. View

Argov S, Sahu R, Bernshtain E, Salman A, Shohat G, Zelig U . Inflammatory bowel diseases as an intermediate stage between normal and cancer: a FTIR-microspectroscopy approach. Biopolymers. 2004; 75(5):384-92. DOI: 10.1002/bip.20154. View

Takamura A, Watanabe K, Akutsu T, Ozawa T . Soft and Robust Identification of Body Fluid Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometric Strategies for Forensic Analysis. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1):8459. PMC: 5981217. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26873-9. View

Xiang X, Liu K, Man A, Ghiabi E, Cholakis A, Scott D . Periodontitis-specific molecular signatures in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Res. 2010; 45(3):345-52. PMC: 4078927. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01243.x. View

Borg A, Birkhed D . Secretion of glucose in human parotid saliva after carbohydrate intake. Scand J Dent Res. 1988; 96(6):551-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1988.tb01595.x. View

Panjamurthy K, Manoharan S, Ramachandran C . Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in patients with periodontitis. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2005; 10(2):255-64. View

Bellisola G, Sorio C . Infrared spectroscopy and microscopy in cancer research and diagnosis. Am J Cancer Res. 2011; 2(1):1-21. PMC: 3236568. View

10.

Wang L . Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer. Sensors (Basel). 2017; 17(7). PMC: 5539491. DOI: 10.3390/s17071572. View

11.

Caixeta D, Aguiar E, Cardoso-Sousa L, Coelho L, Oliveira S, Espindola F . Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment. PLoS One. 2020; 15(3):e0223461. PMC: 7077825. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223461. View

12.

Bigler L, Streckfus C, Dubinsky W . Salivary biomarkers for the detection of malignant tumors that are remote from the oral cavity. Clin Lab Med. 2009; 29(1):71-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2009.01.004. View

13.

Gao X, Jiang S, Koh D, Stephen Hsu C . Salivary biomarkers for dental caries. Periodontol 2000. 2015; 70(1):128-41. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12100. View

14.

Gupta S, Sandhu S, Bansal H, Sharma D . Comparison of salivary and serum glucose levels in diabetic patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014; 9(1):91-6. PMC: 4495535. DOI: 10.1177/1932296814552673. View

15.

Srinivasan M, Blackburn C, Mohamed M, Sivagami A, Blum J . Literature-based discovery of salivary biomarkers for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomark Insights. 2015; 10:39-45. PMC: 4433061. DOI: 10.4137/BMI.S22177. View

16.

Nascimento M, Marcarini W, Folli G, da Silva Filho W, Barbosa L, Paulo E . Noninvasive Diagnostic for COVID-19 from Saliva Biofluid via FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis. Anal Chem. 2022; 94(5):2425-2433. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04162. View

17.

Steiner G, Bartels T, Stelling A, Krautwald-Junghanns M, Fuhrmann H, Sablinskas V . Gender determination of fertilized unincubated chicken eggs by infrared spectroscopic imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011; 400(9):2775-82. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4941-3. View

18.

Derruau S, Gobinet C, Mateu A, Untereiner V, Lorimier S, Piot O . Shedding light on confounding factors likely to affect salivary infrared biosignatures. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019; 411(11):2283-2290. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01669-6. View

19.

Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Dekel B, Malonek D, Yahalom R, Vered M . FTIR-based spectrum of salivary exosomes coupled with computational-aided discriminating analysis in the diagnosis of oral cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019; 145(3):685-694. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-02827-6. View

20.

Agha-Hosseini F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Rahimi A . Correlation of serum and salivary CA15-3 levels in patients with breast cancer. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009; 14(10):e521-4. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.14.e521. View