Beneficial Effects of Protocatechuic Acid on Diabetic Retinopathy in Streptozocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Overview

Journal Int J Ophthalmol

Specialty Ophthalmology

Date 2023 Jun 19

PMID 37332540

Authors

Ling Wan

Jun Li

Wei-Bai Chen

Guo-Qiang Wu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Aim: To determine the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on streptozocin-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rats.

Methods: Wistar rats were given a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin to induce diabetes. Animals were assigned randomly one of four groups (8 rats per group): control, diabetic, diabetic plus PCA (25 mg/kg·d), and diabetic plus PCA (50 mg/kg·d). After inducing diabetes, treatments were started one week later and continued for eight weeks. After the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and their retinas were taken for biochemical and molecular analysis.

Results: PCA administration diminished the blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin levels relative to the diabetic group. In diabetic rats, PCA lowered elevated levels of advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs) and receptor for AGEs (RAGE). In the retina of diabetic rats, PCA effectively decreased inflammatory cytokine, nuclear factor-κB, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and increased antioxidant markers glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.

Conclusion: The protective benefits of PCA against DR may be attributable to its suppression of the AGEs and RAGE and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Citing Articles

Mechanisms of gut bacterial metabolism of dietary polyphenols into bioactive compounds.

Alqudah S, Claesen J Gut Microbes. 2024; 16(1):2426614.

PMID: 39540668 PMC: 11572103. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2426614.

Effects of Phenolic Acids Produced from Food-Derived Flavonoids and Amino Acids by the Gut Microbiota on Health and Disease.

Kiriyama Y, Tokumaru H, Sadamoto H, Kobayashi S, Nochi H Molecules. 2024; 29(21).

PMID: 39519743 PMC: 11548037. DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215102.

Knockdown of fibrillin-1 suppresses retina-blood barrier dysfunction by inhibiting vascular endothelial apoptosis under diabetic conditions.

Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhai X, Yao Y, Shao B, Zhen Y Int J Ophthalmol. 2024; 17(8):1403-1410.

PMID: 39156790 PMC: 11286436. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.08.03.

Glycative stress as a cause of macular degeneration.

Bejarano E, Domenech-Bendana A, Avila-Portillo N, Rowan S, Edirisinghe S, Taylor A Prog Retin Eye Res. 2024; 101:101260.

PMID: 38521386 PMC: 11699537. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101260.

Reno-protective effect of protocatechuic acid is independent of sex-related differences in murine model of UUO-induced kidney injury.

Saad K, Lopes Salles E, Naeini S, Baban B, Abdelmageed M, Abdelaziz R Pharmacol Rep. 2024; 76(1):98-111.

PMID: 38214881 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00565-2.

References

Tilahun M, Gobena T, Dereje D, Welde M, Yideg G . Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020; 13:2179-2187. PMC: 7328291. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S260694. View

Karimi R, Bakhshi A, Dayati P, Abazari O, Shahidi M, Savaee M . Silymarin reduces retinal microvascular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):15872. PMC: 9508129. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20297-2. View

Homme R, Sandhu H, George A, Tyagi S, Singh M . Sustained Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Mitigates Retinal Vasculopathy in Diabetes. Am J Pathol. 2021; 191(5):947-964. PMC: 8101051. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.016. View

Liu W, Tzeng T, Liu I . Zerumbone, a Bioactive Sesquiterpene, Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Retinal Microvascular Damage through Inhibition of Phospho-p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor-κB Pathways. Molecules. 2016; 21(12). PMC: 6273957. DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121708. View

Rossino M, Lulli M, Amato R, Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Casini G . Oxidative Stress Induces a VEGF Autocrine Loop in the Retina: Relevance for Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells. 2020; 9(6). PMC: 7349409. DOI: 10.3390/cells9061452. View

Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K . Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979; 95(2):351-8. DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3. View

Tang W, Guo J, Liu W, Ma J, Xu G . Ferrostatin-1 attenuates ferroptosis and protects the retina against light-induced retinal degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021; 548:27-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.055. View

Darenskaya M, Kolesnikova L, Kolesnikov S . Oxidative Stress: Pathogenetic Role in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications and Therapeutic Approaches to Correction. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2021; 171(2):179-189. PMC: 8233182. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05191-7. View

Kang Q, Yang C . Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Redox Biol. 2020; 37:101799. PMC: 7767789. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101799. View

10.

Zhu B . Pathogenic Mechanism of Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus in Humans: Potential Role of Streptozotocin-Induced Selective Autoimmunity against Human Islet -Cells. Cells. 2022; 11(3). PMC: 8834428. DOI: 10.3390/cells11030492. View

11.

Yu H, Lin L, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H . Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020; 5(1):209. PMC: 7506548. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00312-6. View

12.

Owumi S, Adedara I, Farombi E, Oyelere A . Protocatechuic acid modulates reproductive dysfunction linked to furan exposure in rats. Toxicology. 2020; 442:152556. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152556. View

13.

AEBI H . Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984; 105:121-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(84)05016-3. View

14.

Joy S, Siddiqui K . Molecular and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Diabetic Retinopathy in Relation to Adhesion Molecules. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2018; 15(5):363-371. DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666181017103844. View

15.

Vujosevic S, Aldington S, Silva P, Hernandez C, Scanlon P, Peto T . Screening for diabetic retinopathy: new perspectives and challenges. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020; 8(4):337-347. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30411-5. View

16.

Lin W, Hsieh Y, Wang C, Cheng M, Tseng T . Hibiscus protocatechuic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced rat hepatic damage. Arch Toxicol. 2002; 77(1):42-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-002-0404-0. View

17.

Ni C, Jia Q, Ding G, Wu X, Yang M . Low-Glycemic Index Diets as an Intervention in Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022; 14(2). PMC: 8778967. DOI: 10.3390/nu14020307. View

18.

Kakkar S, Bais S . A review on protocatechuic Acid and its pharmacological potential. ISRN Pharmacol. 2014; 2014:952943. PMC: 4005030. DOI: 10.1155/2014/952943. View

19.

Boss J, Singh P, Pandya H, Tosi J, Kim C, Tewari A . Assessment of Neurotrophins and Inflammatory Mediators in Vitreous of Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017; 58(12):5594-5603. PMC: 5667399. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21973. View

20.

Duh E, Sun J, Stitt A . Diabetic retinopathy: current understanding, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. JCI Insight. 2017; 2(14). PMC: 5518557. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93751. View